{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T23:52:28Z","timestamp":1771026748651,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010790","name":"Erasmus+","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["592247-EPP-1-2017-1-IT-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["592247-EPP-1-2017-1-IT-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/PSI\/04345\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/PSI\/04345\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Meditation has been described as having a positive impact on well-being while reducing anxiety and stress among those who practice, mainly working as a resource to cope with everyday difficulties. As a simple and easy to apply meditation technique, transcendental meditation (TM) has shown promising results in adults and in children, although more studies are needed to show the impact on psychological and behavioral dimensions in children and adolescents. This quasi-experimental, pre-test\u2013post-test study, with a control group, aimed to evaluate the impact of TM on the stress and resilience of children and adolescents, with ages between 9 and 16 years old. Participants were selected within schools which implemented the Quiet Time Program (QT), from those who volunteered to participate. They were randomly assigned to an experimental group (immediate TM learning) and to a control group (delayed TM learning). A repeated measures ANOVA showed an interaction of time and group on externalizing behavior, from the strengths and difficulties measure. The experimental group decreased on externalizing less adjusted behaviors, while the control group increased in this aspect, after a twelve-week period. TM failed to reduce anxiety and to contribute to resilience in the TM experimental group. Both groups improved anxiety indicators. The results might suggest students were acting upon their expectation of improvement on practicing TM or solely modifying their behavior along the contextual factors, which affected both groups equally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children8080689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T08:35:52Z","timestamp":1628670952000},"page":"689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Meditation Effects on Anxiety and Resilience of Preadolescents and Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Research Centre (CIP-UAL), Universidade do Algarve, Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2612-8056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Vieira dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Research Centre (CIP-UAL), Universidade do Algarve, Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8143-0923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds S\u00e9rgio","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Research Centre (CIP-UAL), Universidade do Algarve, Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00074","article-title":"A methodological review of meditation research","volume":"5","author":"Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2005.11.995","article-title":"The integration of complementary therapies in Australian general practice: Results of a national survey","volume":"11","author":"Cohen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02276","article-title":"What is meditation? Proposing an empirically derived classification system","volume":"10","author":"Matko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015736","article-title":"Defining a complex intervention: The development of demarcation criteria for \u201cmeditation\u201d","volume":"1","author":"Bond","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Relig. Spiritual."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3944","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_460_20","article-title":"Effect of meditation on autonomic function in healthy individuals: A longitudinal study","volume":"9","author":"Ganguly","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.65.5.706","article-title":"Neurophysiological, cognitive-behavioral and neurochemical effects in practitioners of transcendental meditation\u2014A literature review","volume":"65","author":"Mosini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-014-9258-2","article-title":"Contemplative education: A systematic, evidence-based review of the effect of meditation interventions in schools","volume":"27","author":"Waters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"109","article-title":"Reduced Psychological Distress in Racial and Ethnic Minority Students Practicing the Transcendental Meditation Program","volume":"38","author":"Elder","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Instr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"495","article-title":"Effect of the Transcendental Meditation program on graduation, college acceptance and dropout rates for students attending an urban public high school","volume":"133","author":"Colbert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Education"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1007\/s40688-015-0066-6","article-title":"Practicing transcendental meditation in high schools: Relationship to well-being and academic achievement among students","volume":"19","author":"Wendt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contemp. School Psychol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12381","article-title":"Annual research review: A meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents","volume":"56","author":"Polanczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2017.1347642","article-title":"The natural course of anxiety symptoms in early adolescence: Factors related to persistence","volume":"30","author":"Voltas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"148","article-title":"Ansiedade, Depress\u00e3o e Stresse: Um Estudo com Jovens Adultos e Adultos Portugueses","volume":"16","author":"Pinto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psicol. Sa\u00fade Doen\u00e7as"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"87","article-title":"Sintomas Depressivos e de Ansiedade em Adolescentes do Ensino M\u00e9dio","volume":"9","author":"Grolli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Psicol. IMED"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Hartmann, P.M. (2017). Anxiety. Magill\u2019S Medical Guide (Online Edition), Salem Press."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2007.08.021","article-title":"Anxiety Disorders in Youth","volume":"24","author":"Keeley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/ltl.304","article-title":"Embracing uncertainty and anxiety","volume":"2008","author":"Rosen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lead. Lead."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1080\/00131725.2015.1006092","article-title":"Resilience in Students","volume":"79","author":"Grissom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Educ. Forum"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.56.3.227","article-title":"Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development","volume":"56","author":"Masten","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"The relationship between resilience and mental health in Chinese college students: A longitudinal cross-lagged analysis","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abiola, T., and Udofia, O. (2011). Psychometric assessment of the Wagnild and Young\u2019s resilience scale in Kano, Nigeria. BMC Res. Notes, 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-4-509"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2021.627923","article-title":"Meditation Effective in Reducing Teacher Burnout and Improving Resilience: A Randomized Controlled Study","volume":"6","author":"Valosek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Educ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enfcli.2014.06.003","article-title":"Mediator effect of resilience between burnout and health in nursing staff","volume":"24","author":"Arrogante","year":"2014","journal-title":"Enferm. Clin."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199704000-00019","article-title":"The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): Factor Structure, Reliability, and Validity","volume":"36","author":"March","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s007870050057","article-title":"The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A pilot study on the validity of the self-report version","volume":"7","author":"Goodman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Constantine, N.A., and Bernard, B. (2001). California Healthy Kids Survey Resilience Assessment Module: Technical Report, Public Health Institute."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.21865\/RIDEP45.3.03","article-title":"The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): Psychometric Properties and Confirmatory Factor Analysis in a Sample of Portuguese Adolescents","volume":"45","author":"Salvador","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Diagn. Eval. Aval. Psicol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(99)00009-2","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children","volume":"13","author":"March","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x","article-title":"The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note","volume":"38","author":"Goodman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"99","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Portuguese self-report version of the Strenghts and Difficulties Questionnaire","volume":"16\u201319","author":"Pechorro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Psiquiatr. Cons. Liga\u00e7\u00e3o"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Constantine, N., Benard, B., and Diaz, M. (1999, January 24\u201326). Measuring protective factors and resilience traits in youth: The healthy kids resilience assessment. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, New Orleans, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Martins, M.H. (2005). Contributions to the Analysis of Children and Youth at Risk\/Resilience and Development. Unpublished. [Doctoral Thesis, Universidade do Algarve]. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10400.1\/8497."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2009.184","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial on effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on blood pressure, psychological distress, and coping in young adults","volume":"22","author":"Nidich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"556","article-title":"Academic Achievement and Transcendental Meditation: A Study with At-Risk Urban Middle School Students","volume":"131","author":"Nidich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Education"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Farias, M., Braziera, D., and Lalljee, M. (2020). Transcendental Meditation in the Treatment of Mental and Physical Conditions. The Oxford Handbook of Meditation, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-2896(01)00070-8","article-title":"Three randomized experiments on the longitudinal effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on cognition","volume":"29","author":"So","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00998733","article-title":"The effect of explicit expectations on initial meditation experiences","volume":"6","author":"Woolfolk","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biofeedback Self-Regul."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104508090603","article-title":"Mindfulness with Children and Adolescents: Effective Clinical Application","volume":"13","author":"Thompson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2013.0204","article-title":"Effects of the transcendental meditation technique on trait anxiety: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"20","author":"Barnes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/8\/8\/689\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:43:58Z","timestamp":1760165038000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/8\/8\/689"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["children8080689"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children8080689","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]}}}