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on the levels of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), a marker of endothelial repair and angiogenesis, and circulating endothelial cells (CECs), an indicator of endothelial damage, in heart failure patients is largely unknown. This study aims to evaluate the effects of a single exercise bout on the circulating levels of EPCs and CECs in heart failure patients. Thirteen patients with heart failure underwent a symptom-limited maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test to assess exercise capacity. Before and after exercise testing, blood samples were collected to quantify EPCs and CECs by flow cytometry. The circulating levels of both cells were also compared to the resting levels of 13 volunteers (age-matched group). The maximal exercise bout increased the levels of EPCs by 0.5% [95% Confidence Interval, 0.07 to 0.93%], from 4.2 \u00d7 10\u22123 \u00b1 1.5 \u00d7 10\u22123% to 4.7 \u00d7 10\u22123 \u00b1 1.8 \u00d7 10\u22123% (p = 0.02). No changes were observed in the levels of CECs. At baseline, HF patients presented reduced levels of EPCs compared to the age-matched group (p = 0.03), but the exercise bout enhanced circulating EPCs to a level comparable to the age-matched group (4.7 \u00d7 10\u22123 \u00b1 1.8 \u00d7 10\u22123% vs. 5.4 \u00d7 10\u22123 \u00b1 1.7 \u00d7 10\u22123%, respectively, p = 0.14). An acute bout of exercise improves the potential of endothelial repair and angiogenesis capacity by increasing the circulating levels of EPCs in patients with heart failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45030125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T06:09:52Z","timestamp":1677564592000},"page":"1950-1960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Maximal Exercise Improves the Levels of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Heart Failure Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Suiane","family":"Cavalcante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure\u2014CIAFEL, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Viamonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Rehabilitation Centre, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia\/Espinho, 4405-565 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui S.","family":"Cadilha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Rehabilitation Centre, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia\/Espinho, 4405-565 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6096-8705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilda P.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1470-4802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Group of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO)\u2014Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology, University Clinic of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6173-998X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Sousa-Ven\u00e2ncio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Human Movement Unit, North Health Polytechnic Institute, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polit\u00e9cnico e Universit\u00e1rio (CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marisol","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6364-0011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio do Porto, Portugal & Unit for Multidisciplinary Investigation in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute for Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1829-4196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure\u2014CIAFEL, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9094-1493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. 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