{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T04:30:22Z","timestamp":1770697822530,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UID\/04033\/2025 (CITAB)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04033\/2025 (CITAB)"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UID\/00772\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00772\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UID\/50006 + LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50006 + LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144882\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144882\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxidative and nitrosative stress are key contributors to the development and progression of chronic inflammatory disorders, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases (viz., Alzheimer\u2019s disease). Cholinergic dysfunction is a major hallmark of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and is closely associated with these processes. Red seaweeds are rich in bioactive compounds that have been increasingly investigated for their potential to modulate these processes. This review aims to examine the role of major red seaweed-derived metabolites in regulating redox imbalance, immunomodulatory capacity and acetylcholinesterase activity, with emphasis on in vitro studies. An analysis of peer-reviewed literature was conducted, focusing on chemical, biochemical and cell-based assays. Studies assessed antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory effects, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition of isolated compounds\/fractions of red seaweed using established methods, including radical scavenging assays, Griess-based nitrite assay and enzyme inhibition assays. Sulfated polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), phycoerythrin, bromophenols, phlorotannin and terpenoid-derived metabolites demonstrated antioxidant capacity through radical scavenging, metal chelation and modulation of endogenous antioxidants. They also modulated inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. In vitro evidence supports red seaweed-derived compounds as promising modulators of redox homeostasis, inflammation and cholinergic function, highlighting their relevance as functional food ingredients, while underscoring the need for in vivo and clinical validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb48020190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T09:41:02Z","timestamp":1770630062000},"page":"190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Role of Main Red Seaweed Bioactive Compounds in Modulating Redox Imbalance and Cholinergic Dysfunction: Insights from In Vitro Assays"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8260-5948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0552-9643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7524-9914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9lia M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology and Environment (DeBA), Scholl of Life and Environmental Sciences (ECVA), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4461-7021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Gaiv\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Genetics & Biotechnology (DGB), Scholl of Life and Environmental Sciences (ECVA), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Horton, T., Kroh, A., Ahyong, S., Bailly, N., Boyko, C.B., Brand\u00e3o, S.N., Gofas, S., Hooper, J.N.A., Hernandez, F., and Holovachov, O. 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