{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T12:41:43Z","timestamp":1776084103434,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,10]],"date-time":"2025-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CivilEng"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Various stabilizers, such as jute, gypsum, rice-husk ash, fly ash, cement, lime, and discarded rubber tires, are commonly used to improve the shear strength and overall characteristics of clay subgrade soil. In this study, waste foundry sand (WFS) is utilized as a stabilizing material to enhance the properties of clay subgrade soil and strengthen the bond between clay subgrade soil and subbase material. The materials employed in this study include Type B subbase granular materials, clay subgrade soil, and 1100 Biaxial Geogrid for reinforcement. The clay subgrade soil was collected from the airport area in the Al-Muthanna region of Baghdad. To evaluate the effectiveness of WFS as a stabilizer, soil specimens were prepared with varying replacement levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. This study conducted a Modified Proctor Test, a California Bearing Ratio test, and a large-scale direct shear test to determine key parameters, including the CBR value, maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, and the compressive strength of the soil mixture. A specially designed large-scale direct shear apparatus was manufactured and utilized for testing, which comprised an upper square box measuring 20 cm \u00d7 20 cm \u00d7 10 cm and a lower rectangular box with dimensions of 200 mm \u00d7 250 mm \u00d7 100 mm. The findings indicate that the interface shear strength and overall properties of the clay subgrade soil improve as the proportion of WFS increases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/civileng6020026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T06:17:08Z","timestamp":1747030628000},"page":"26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Stabilization of Clay Subgrade Soil by Using Waste Foundry Sand with a Geogrid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Qais Sahib","family":"Banyhussan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Highway and Transportation Department, Engineering College, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq"}]},{"given":"Jaafar","family":"Abdulrazzaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Highway and Transportation Department, Engineering College, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School Building Department, Ministry of Education, Baghdad 10082, Iraq"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6014-866X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anmar","family":"Dulaimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Kerbala, Karbala 56001, Iraq"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 2ET, UK"},{"name":"College of Engineering, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala 56001, Iraq"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4307-8946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Miguel de Almeida","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0484-350X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Filipe Almeida","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Al-Neami, M.A., Alsoudany, K.Y.H., Dawod, A.A., and Ehsan, E.A. 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