{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T06:01:31Z","timestamp":1776751291777,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Prometheus, Research Unit on Energy, Materials and Environment for Sustainability","award":["UIDP\/05975\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05975\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Prometheus, Research Unit on Energy, Materials and Environment for Sustainability","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Prometheus, Research Unit on Energy, Materials and Environment for Sustainability","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/05975\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05975\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDP\/05975\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05975\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clean Technol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The common use of tires is responsible for the production of large quantities of waste worldwide, which are landfilled or energetically recovered, with higher economical cost and known environmentally harmful consequences. This type of problem must be studied, and all efforts must be conducted to eliminate, or at least mitigate, such high costs. The use of thermochemical conversion processes, such as pyrolysis, can allow the recycling and the reuse of raw materials for the tire industry, namely, in the production of carbon black, usually produced using the controlled combustion of fossil fuels. This article reports the production of torrefied and carbonized waste tire samples using a laboratorial procedure, and their subsequent laboratory characterization, specifically the elemental and proximate analysis. This preliminary approach found that carbon concentration in the produced rubber char reached values higher than 75%, indicating the possibility of its reuse in the production of carbon black to in turn be used in the production of new tires or other industrial rubber materials. The possibility of using this rubber char for other uses, such as energy recovery, is still depending on further studies, namely, the evaluation of the amount of sulfur present in the final product.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cleantechnol4030040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T03:50:36Z","timestamp":1657597836000},"page":"653-668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Thermochemical Conversion Processes as a Path for Sustainability of the Tire Industry: Carbon Black Recovery Potential in a Circular Economy Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5404-8163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonel J. R.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PROMETHEUS, Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Materiais, Energia e Ambiente para a Sustentabilidade, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua da Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019Alvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"DEGEIT, Departamento de Economia, Gest\u00e3o, Engenharia Industrial e Turismo, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"GOVCOPP, Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Governan\u00e7a, Competitividade e Pol\u00edticas P\u00fablicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es\/Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK"}]},{"given":"Nuno G. C.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es\/Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.03.223","article-title":"Cost-benefit analysis of a circular economy project: A study on a recycling system for end-of-life tyres","volume":"229","author":"Gigli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111032","article-title":"An overview of the end-of-life tires status in some Latin American countries: Proposing pyrolysis for a circular economy","volume":"144","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. 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