{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T02:33:04Z","timestamp":1776738784907,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"project CMFPE3","award":["2024.05919.BDANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024.05919.BDANA"]}]},{"name":"CIMO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha","award":["2024.05919.BDANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024.05919.BDANA"]}]},{"name":"National funds","award":["2024.05919.BDANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024.05919.BDANA"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024.05919.BDANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024.05919.BDANA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clean Technol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Olive mill wastewaters (OMWW) generated during olive oil extraction represent a significant environmental challenge due to their high organic matter content, acidic pH, phenolic content, and toxicity. Their composition varies widely depending on the extraction method and remains difficult to treat, particularly for small-scale producers lacking access to complex infrastructure. This study evaluates the combined effect of the extraction system (traditional vs. three-phase continuous) and filtration level (single vs. double) on the physicochemical and biological properties of OMWW. The methodologies employed included the analysis of water content, density, fatty acid composition, acidity, pH, total solids, chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, and biodegradability. The results indicate that traditional systems consistently produced OMWW with higher organic matter and phenolic loads, while filtration moderately reduced antioxidant potential and acidity, especially in traditional systems. The use of simple, low-cost filtration materials proved effective in improving effluent clarity and could serve as a practical pre-treatment option. This approach offers an accessible strategy for small producers aiming to valorise OMWW or reduce environmental impact. However, the study was conducted at the laboratory scale, and the long-term behaviour of filtered OMWW under real operating conditions remains to be evaluated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cleantechnol7030073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T13:01:13Z","timestamp":1756818073000},"page":"73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Physicochemical Characterisation of Olive Mill Wastewaters Based on Extraction Methods and Filtration Levels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6416-2867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas S.","family":"Afonso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-235 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department (MEtRICs), University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-235 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-235 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a (IPB), Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-235 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4569-7887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio E.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-235 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a (IPB), Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-235 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3648-7303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana S.","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-235 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a (IPB), Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-235 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2945-9267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia C.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3428-637X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui A.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department (MEtRICs), University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Estudos de Fen\u00f3menos de Transporte (CEFT), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto (FEUP), Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), FEUP, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6300-148X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o E.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-235 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a (IPB), Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-235 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Council, I.O. 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