{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:29:36Z","timestamp":1760149776717,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014181","name":"Economy and Infrastructure Counselling of the Junta of Extremadura","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IB20080","PRE2018-084897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IB20080","PRE2018-084897"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n (Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades) of the Spanish Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IB20080","PRE2018-084897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IB20080","PRE2018-084897"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Climate"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early meteorological observations have been found for the period 1788\u20131813 in a collection of historical documents entitled \u201cMedical and meteorological observation books\u201d (Livros de observa\u00e7\u00f5es m\u00e9dicas e meteorol\u00f3gicas) that is preserved nowadays in the Municipal Historical Archive of Almada. Almada is a Portuguese city located on the southern bank of the Tagus River, near the mouth of the river, in front of the capital city of Lisbon, which is located on the northern bank. In this work, more than 5000 meteorological readings for the period 1788\u20131813 have been recovered and analyzed. Daily values have been preserved for the period 1788\u20131789. However, only monthly values have stood the test of time for the period 1792\u20131813. The meteorological variables recovered are temperature, pressure, wind direction and the state of the sky. A quality control was carried out to find possible errors, either in the original data or in the digitization process. Unfortunately, there is no information in the metadata about the instruments or the observational methodology. Pressure and temperature data from modern and reanalysis datasets were used as references to study the agreement between these datasets and the Almada dataset. Daily pressure and temperature values from the Almada dataset were used to study, in particular, the meteorological conditions of the winter of 1788\/1789 in Almada because this season was one of the coldest in the last 300 years in Central Europe. The complete dataset of early meteorological observations in Almada is freely available to the scientific community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cli11090193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T06:36:45Z","timestamp":1694932605000},"page":"193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early Meteorological Observations in Almada (Portugal) for the Period 1788\u20131813 by Medical Doctors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nieves","family":"Bravo-Paredes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Cruz","family":"Gallego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4183-9852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo M.","family":"Trigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Meteorologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-919, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8754-1509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Vaquero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-012-0628-9","article-title":"The first meteorological measurements in the Iberian Peninsula: Evaluating the storm of November 1724","volume":"118","author":"Trigo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clim. 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Past Discuss."}],"container-title":["Climate"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2225-1154\/11\/9\/193\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:51:53Z","timestamp":1760129513000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2225-1154\/11\/9\/193"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["cli11090193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cli11090193","relation":{},"ISSN":["2225-1154"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2225-1154"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]}}}