{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T01:07:30Z","timestamp":1773450450399,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Climate"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In small island regions, the influence of climate change assumes particular relevance. In the Azores archipelago, made up of nine islands, the geographical circumstances, oceanic condition, territorial dispersion, land use model and other physiographic constraints reinforce and enhance the vulnerability of the islands to changes in current weather patterns. Coupled Model Intercomparison Phase 6 (CMIP6) projections are used for the northeast Atlantic region to evaluate daily extreme climate events in large scale for the Azores region. Results shows changes in the annual maximum number of consecutive dry days, the annual number of wet days, and especially in the annual number of tropical nights. Despite limitations due to the lack of spatial detail, the large-scale framework suggests changes that may be enhanced by topography, particularly with respect to precipitation. The conclusions point to the need to establish standard rules in the processes of design, reviewing and\/or amending territorial management instruments at the municipal scale in the Autonomous Region of the Azores, with the goal of adapting to a different climate from the recent past.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cli11120238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T12:15:14Z","timestamp":1701692114000},"page":"238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Climate Change and Extreme Events in Northeast Atlantic and Azores Islands Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fernanda Silva","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Afonso Chaves Observatory, Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), 9500-320 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9356-3045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Gabriela","family":"Meirelles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, S. Miguel, Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Institute of Marine Sciences of the University of the Azores (OKEANOS), Horta, Faial, Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diamantino","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Afonso Chaves Observatory, Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), 9500-320 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Porteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, S. Miguel, Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Afonso Chaves Observatory, Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), 9500-320 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Helena Cristina","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, S. Miguel, Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2023). Climate Change 2021\u2014The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009157896"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014). Climate Change 2013\u2014The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107415324"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022). Global Warming of 1.5 \u00b0C, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Wallace, J.M., and Hobbs, P.V. (2006). Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey: Second Edition, Elsevier Inc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2009RG000302","article-title":"Water Vapor and the Dynamics of Climate Changes","volume":"48","author":"Schneider","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Stensrud, D.J. (2009). Parameterization Schemes: Keys to Understanding Numerical Weather Prediction Models, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3454","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1993)050<3454:POTEOR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Parameterization of the Evaporation of Rainfall for Use in General Circulation Models","volume":"50","author":"Feingold","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Perez, M., and Mills, J. (2019). Archipelagos. Types, Characteristics and Conservation, NOVA, Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"37","article-title":"The History of scientific research on the North Atlantic oscillation","volume":"Volume 134","author":"Stephenson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophysical Monograph Series"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meirelles, M., Carvalho, F., Porteiro, J., Henriques, D., Navarro, P., and Vasconcelos, H. (2022). Climate Change and Impact on Renewable Energies in the Azores Strategic Visions for Sustainability. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142215174"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"95","article-title":"Altera\u00e7\u00f5es Clim\u00e1ticas e o Aumento de Eventos Extremos Nos A\u00e7ores","volume":"29","author":"Carvalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bol. N\u00facleo Cult. Horta"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"95","article-title":"Altera\u00e7\u00f5es Clim\u00e1ticas e Energia No Contexto Dos A\u00e7ores","volume":"29","author":"Carvalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bol. N\u00facleo Cult. Horta"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Carvalho, F.R.S., Meirelles, M.G., Henriques, D.V., Navarro, P.V., and Vasconcelos, H.C. (2022). Climate Change Management, Springer Science and Business Media."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peixoto, J.P., and Oort, A.H. (1992). Physics of Climate, Springer.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2809772"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Mcavaney, B.J., and Holland, G.J. (1995). World Survey of Climatology, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-9-1937-2016","article-title":"Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) Experimental Design and Organization","volume":"9","author":"Eyring","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-013-0971-5","article-title":"A New Scenario Framework for Climate Change Research: The Concept of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways","volume":"122","author":"Kriegler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-9-3461-2016","article-title":"The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6","volume":"9","author":"Tebaldi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Taylor, K.E., Juckes, M., Balaji, V., Cinquini, L., Durack, P.J., Elkington, M., Guilyardi, E., Kharin, S., Lautenschlager, M., and Lawrence, B. (2023, November 04). CMIP6 Global Attributes, DRS, Filenames, Directory Structure, and CV\u2019s. Available online: http:\/\/goo.gl\/v1drZl."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Sandstad, M., Schwingshackl, C., and Iles, C. (2022, June 01). Climate Extreme Indices and Heat Stress Indicators Derived from CMIP6 Global Climate Projections. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS). Available online: https:\/\/cds.climate.copernicus.eu\/cdsapp#!\/dataset\/10.24381\/cds.776e08bd?tab=overview."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wace.2020.100269","article-title":"Evaluation of the CMIP6 Multi-Model Ensemble for Climate Extreme Indices","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Weather Clim. Extrem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3803","article-title":"The ERA5 Global Reanalysis","volume":"146","author":"Hersbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2023, October 06). Copernicus Climate Change Service CMIP6 Climate Projections. Climate Data Store 2021. Available online: https:\/\/cds.climate.copernicus.eu\/cdsapp#!\/dataset\/projections-cmip6?tab=overview."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5415","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.05415","article-title":"Xclim: Xarray-Based Climate Data Analytics","volume":"8","author":"Bourgault","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2023, October 24). World Data Center for Greenhouse Gases. Available online: https:\/\/gaw.kishou.go.jp\/."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-10-2057-2017","article-title":"Historical Greenhouse Gas Concentrations for Climate Modelling (CMIP6)","volume":"10","author":"Meinshausen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Meinshausen, M., and Nicholls, Z.R.J. (2018). UoM-IMAGE-Ssp126-1-2-1 GHG Concentrations, Earth System Grid Federation. Version 20231024."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Meinshausen, M., and Nicholls, Z.R.J. (2018). UoM-MESSAGE-GLOBIOM-Ssp245-1-2-1 GHG Concentrations, Earth System Grid Federation. Version 20231024."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Meinshausen, M., and Nicholls, Z.R.J. (2018). UoM-REMIND-MAGPIE-Ssp585-1-2-1 GHG Concentrations, Earth System Grid Federation. Version 20231024."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Nurse, L.A., McLean, R.F., Agard, J., Briguglio, L.P., Duvat-Magnan, V., Pelesikoti, N., Tompkins, E., and Webb, A. (2015). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Part B: Regional Aspects: Working Group II Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"P\u00f6rtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E.S., Mintenbeck, K., Alegr\u00eda, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., L\u00f6schke, S., and M\u00f6ller, V. (2022). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001359","article-title":"Effects of Hot Nights on Mortality in Southern Europe","volume":"32","author":"Sera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Margolis, H.G. (2014). Global Climate Change and Public Health, Springer."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rom, W.N., and Pinkerton, K.E. (2021). Climate Change and Global Public Health, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-54746-2"}],"container-title":["Climate"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2225-1154\/11\/12\/238\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:37:48Z","timestamp":1760132268000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2225-1154\/11\/12\/238"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["cli11120238"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cli11120238","relation":{},"ISSN":["2225-1154"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2225-1154","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]]}}}