{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T14:55:41Z","timestamp":1775228141599,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"National Funds by FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"National Funds by FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"National Funds by FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C644866286-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644866286-011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"PRR\u2014Plano de Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o e Resili\u00eancia e pelos Fundos Europeus Next Generation EU","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRR\u2014Plano de Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o e Resili\u00eancia e pelos Fundos Europeus Next Generation EU","award":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRR\u2014Plano de Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o e Resili\u00eancia e pelos Fundos Europeus Next Generation EU","award":["C644866286-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644866286-011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Climate"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A valuable tool for comprehending and characterizing climate patterns on a global scale is the K\u00f6ppen\u2013Geiger climate classification system. When it comes to wine production, the climate of a region plays an essential role in determining whether specific grape varieties can be cultivated, largely determining the style of wine that can be made, and influencing the consistency of overall wine quality. In this study, the application of the K\u00f6ppen\u2013Geiger classification system to the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiments has been explored. To establish a baseline for the historical period (1970\u20132000), the WorldClim dataset was used alongside a selection of an ensemble of 14 Global Climate Models. The evaluation of climate variability across winemaking regions is conducted by considering future climate projections from 2041 to 2060, which are based on different anthropogenic radiative forcing scenarios (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, SSP2\u20134.5, and SSP5\u20138.5). The results are the most comprehensive documentation of both the historical climate classifications for most wine regions worldwide and the potential changes in these classifications in the future. General changes in climate types are projected to occur largely in a significant shift from a warm summer climate to a hot summer climate in temperate and dry zones worldwide (climate types C and B, respectively). This shift poses challenges for grape cultivation and wine production. The grape development process can be significantly affected by high temperatures, which could result in early ripening and changes in the grape berry\u2019s aromatic compounds. As regions transition and experience different climates, wine producers are required to adapt their vineyard management strategies by implementing suitable measures that can effectively counter the detrimental impacts of abiotic stresses on grape quality and vineyard health. These adaptation measures may include changes in canopy and soil management, using different variety-clone-rootstock combinations, adopting irrigation methods, or shifting into other microclimatic zones, among other effective techniques. To ensure long-term sustainability, wine producers must consider the climatic change projections that are specific to their region, allowing them to make more informed decisions about vineyard management practices, reducing risks, and ultimately making the wine industry more resilient and adaptive to the ongoing effects of climate change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cli12070094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T05:22:38Z","timestamp":1719552158000},"page":"94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Historic Changes and Future Projections in K\u00f6ppen\u2013Geiger Climate Classifications in Major Wine Regions Worldwide"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6683-1080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Andrade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, Natural Hazards Research Center (NHRC.ipt), Quinta do Contador, Estrada da Serra, 2300-313 Tomar, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agrifood Production, Inov4Agro, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6792-8047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agrifood Production, Inov4Agro, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8135-5078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o A.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agrifood Production, Inov4Agro, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7114-2071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Bois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biog\u00e9osciences, UMR 6282 CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France"}]},{"given":"Gregory V.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abacela Vineyards and Winery, 12500 Lookingglass Road, Roseburg, OR 97471, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3354\/cr01204","article-title":"Climate classification revisited: From K\u00f6ppen to Trewartha","volume":"59","author":"Belda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"351","article-title":"Die W\u00e4rmezonen der Erde, nach der Dauer der heissen, gem\u00e4ssigten und kalten Zeit und nach der Wirkung der W\u00e4rme auf die organische Welt betrachtet","volume":"20","year":"2011","journal-title":"Meteorol. Z."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"228","article-title":"Air Masses, Streamlines, and the Boreal Forest","volume":"8","author":"Bryson","year":"1966","journal-title":"Geogr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2307\/210739","article-title":"An Approach toward a Rational Classification of Climate","volume":"38","author":"Thornwaite","year":"1948","journal-title":"Geogr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1126\/science.105.2727.367","article-title":"Determination of world plant formations from simple climatic data","volume":"105","author":"Holdridge","year":"1947","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"193","article-title":"Klassifikation der Klimate nach Temperatur, Niederschlag und Jahreslauf","volume":"64","year":"1918","journal-title":"Petermanns Geogr. Mitteilungen"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"K\u00f6ppen, W. (1936). Das geographische System der Klimate. Handbuch der Klimatologie, Borntraeger."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Geiger, R.F. (1954). Klassifikation der Klimate nach W. K\u00f6ppen, Springer."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Trewartha, G.T. (1968). An Introduction to Climate, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Trewartha, G.T., and Horn, L.H. (1980). Introduction to Climate, McGraw Hill. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6ppen, W. (1931). Grundiss der Klimakunde, Walter de Gruyter & Co.. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1515\/9783111667751"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"112","article-title":"Geography of viticulture: Rationale and resource","volume":"82","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Anderson, K., and Nelgen, S. (2020). Which Winegrape Varieties Are Grown Where?, Revised ed., University of Adelaide Press."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dougherty, P. (2012). Climate, Grapes, and Wine: Structure and Suitability in a Variable and Changing Climate. The Geography of Wine: Regions, Terroir, and Techniques, Springer Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0464-0"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-11-1633-2007","article-title":"Updated world map of the K\u00f6ppen\u2013Geiger climate classification","volume":"11","author":"Peel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13487","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13487","article-title":"Significant anthropogenic-induced changes of climate classes since 1950","volume":"5","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep. Nat. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envdev.2013.03.007","article-title":"Using the K\u00f6ppen classification to quantify climate variation and change: An example for 1901\u20132010","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1876","article-title":"Pace of shifts in climate regions increases with global temperature","volume":"3","author":"Mahlstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1127\/0941-2948\/2010\/0430","article-title":"Observed and projected climate shifts 1901\u20132100 depicted by world maps of the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification","volume":"19","author":"Rubel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Meteorol. Z."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-004-4786-2","article-title":"Detecting Arctic climate change using K\u00f6ppen climate classification","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-011-1020-6","article-title":"Evaluating observed and projected future climate changes for the Artic using the K\u00f6ppen-Trewartha climate classification","volume":"38","author":"Feng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L18707","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL031253","article-title":"Disappearing \u201calpine tundra\u201d K\u00f6ppen climatic type in the western United States","volume":"34","author":"Diaz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-006-9224-1","article-title":"The use of a climate-type classification for assessing climate change effects in Europe from an ensemble of nine regional climate models","volume":"81","author":"Gallardo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-005-4704-2","article-title":"Climate Change and Global Wine Quality","volume":"73","author":"Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.20870\/oeno-one.2021.55.3.4774","article-title":"Global warming and wine quality: Are we close to the tipping point?","volume":"55","author":"Gambetta","year":"2021","journal-title":"OENO One"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"6907","article-title":"Climate change, wine, and conservation","volume":"110","author":"Hannah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16493","article-title":"Non-linear loss of suitable wine regions over Europe in response to increasing global warming","volume":"29","author":"Sgubin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, J.A., Fraga, H., Malheiro, A.C., Moutinho-Pereira, J., Dinis, L.T., Correia, C., Moriondo, M., Leolini, L., Dibari, C., and Costafreda-Aumedes, S. (2020). A review of the potential climate change impacts and adaptation options for European viticulture. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10093092"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, J.A., Yang, C., Fraga, H., Malheiro, A.C., Moutinho-Pereira, J.M., Dinis, L., Correia, C.M., Moriondo, M., Bindi, M., and Leolini, L. (2021). Long-term adaptation of European viticulture to climate change: An overview from the H2020 Clim4Vitis action. IVES Tech. Rev. Vine Wine.","DOI":"10.20870\/IVES-TR.2021.4644"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, J.A., Yang, C., Fraga, H., Malheiro, A.C., Moutinho-Pereira, J.M., Dinis, L., Correia, C.M., Moriondo, M., Bindi, M., and Leolini, L. (2021). Short-term adaptation of European viticulture to climate change: An overview from the H2020 Clim4Vitis action. IVES Tech. Rev. Vine Wine.","DOI":"10.20870\/IVES-TR.2021.4637"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-013-0739-y","article-title":"Projected shifts of wine regions in response to climate change","volume":"119","author":"Moriondo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"World Wine Production Outlook (2022). Wine Production\u2014OIV First Estimates, International Organization of Vine and Wine. Available online: https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https:\/\/www.oiv.int\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/OIV_World_Wine_Production_Outlook_2023.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiNh4ac5fuGAxU-AtsEHe4GD20QFnoECBQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0BxkIobYX0LNebJLer5E2T."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Swart, N.M., Cole, J.N.S., Kharin, V.V., Lazare, M., Scinocca, J.F., Gillett, N.P., Anstey, J., Arora, V., Christian, J.R., and Jiao, Y. (2019). CCCma CanESM5 Model Output Prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP, Earth System Grid Federation. Available online: https:\/\/esgf.llnl.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5086","article-title":"WorldClim 2: New 1km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas","volume":"37","author":"Fick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2023, January 21). Sixth Assessment Report (IPCC, AR6), AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change. Available online: https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/assessment-report\/ar6\/."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"K\u00f6ppen, W., and Geiger, R. (1930). Handbuch der Klimatologie, Gebr\u00fcder Borntr\u00e4ger."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3354\/cr01604","article-title":"K\u00f6ppen\u2019s climate classification projections for the Iberian Peninsula","volume":"81","author":"Andrade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1127\/0941-2948\/2006\/0130","article-title":"World map of the K\u00f6ppen\u2013Geiger climate classification updated","volume":"15","author":"Kottek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Meteorol. Z."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180214","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.214","article-title":"Present and future K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution","volume":"5","author":"Beck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Bois, B., Blais, A., Moriondo, M., and Jones, G.V. (2012, January 25\u201329). High resolution climate spatial analysis of European winegrowing regions. Proceedings of the 9th International Terroir Congress, Reims, France."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"European Environment Agency (2007). CLC2006 Technical Guidelines, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. EEA Technical Report 17\/2007."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Bois, B., Gavrilescu, C., Moriondo, M., and Jones, G.V. (2016, January 10\u201314). Wine growing region global climate analysis. Proceedings of the 11th International Terroir Congress 2016, McMinnville, OR, USA."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gavrilescu, C., and Bois, B. (2016). Chardonnay wines climate plasticity: A worldwide geographical approach. BIO Web Conf., 7.","DOI":"10.1051\/bioconf\/20160701013"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.20870\/oeno-one.2017.51.2.1780","article-title":"Climate vs. grapevine pests and diseases worldwide: The first results of a global survey","volume":"51","author":"Bois","year":"2017","journal-title":"OENO One"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"51","article-title":"Climate change and emerging cool climate wine regions","volume":"31","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wine Vitic. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solomon, A.M., and Shugart, H.H. (1993). Assessing impacts of climate change on vegetation using climate classification systems. Vegetation Dynamics and Global Change, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2816-6"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1080\/02723646.2015.1016384","article-title":"Overlap of global K\u00f6ppen\u2013Geiger climates, biomes, and soil orders","volume":"36","author":"Rohli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-023-04682-z","article-title":"Vegetation and water resource variability within the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger global climate classification scheme: A probabilistic interpretation","volume":"155","author":"Sohoulande","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206432","article-title":"Rapid range shifts of species associated with high levels of climate warming","volume":"333","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.5897\/AJAR2018.13064","article-title":"Climate analysis for agricultural improvement of the Economic Community of West African States according to K\u00f6ppen and Thornthwaite","volume":"13","author":"Timm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Afr. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-017-0016-6","article-title":"From Pinot to Xinomavro in the world\u2019s future wine-growing regions","volume":"8","author":"Wolkovich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2864","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1906731117","article-title":"Diversity buffers winegrowing regions from climate change losses","volume":"117","author":"Cook","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.20870\/oeno-one.2022.56.2.4627","article-title":"A climatic classification of the world\u2019s wine regions","volume":"56","author":"Puga","year":"2022","journal-title":"OENO One"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.5194\/cp-15-1485-2019","article-title":"The longest homogeneous series of grape harvest dates, Beaune 1354\u20132018, and its significance for the understanding of past and present climate","volume":"15","author":"Pfister","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clim. Past"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.20870\/oeno-one.2020.54.4.3129","article-title":"Adaptive capacity of winegrape varieties cultivated in Greece to climate change: Current trends and future projections","volume":"54","author":"Koufos","year":"2020","journal-title":"OENO One"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.20870\/oeno-one.2022.56.1.4727","article-title":"Assessment of changes in Grenache grapevine maturity in a Mediterranean context over the last half-century","volume":"56","author":"Lacroix","year":"2022","journal-title":"OENO One"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1017\/jwe.2015.31","article-title":"Global climate change, sustainability, and some challenges for grape and wine production","volume":"11","author":"Schultz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Wine Econ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1051\/ctv\/ctv20223702139","article-title":"Mediterranean viticulture in the context of climate change","volume":"37","author":"Dinis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia T\u00e9c. Vitiv."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/09571269208717931","article-title":"The effects of climate variability and change on grape suitability in Europe","volume":"3","author":"Kenny","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Stock, M., Gerstengarbe, F.W., Kartschall, T., and Werner, P.C. (2004, January 21\u201325). Reliability of climate change impact assessments for viticulture. Proceedings of the VII International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology, Davis, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-014-0280-z","article-title":"Improving water use efficiency of vineyards in semi-arid regions. A review","volume":"35","author":"Medrano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcq030","article-title":"Grapevine under deficit irrigation: Hints from physiological and molecular data","volume":"105","author":"Chaves","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0238.2009.00057.x","article-title":"Improving water use efficiency in grapevines: Potential physiological targets for biotechnological improvement","volume":"16","author":"Flexas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3595","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5520","article-title":"Projected shift of K\u00f6ppen\u2013Geiger zones in the central Europe: A first insight into the implications for ecosystems and the society","volume":"38","author":"Farda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1029\/2019EF001210","article-title":"Observed impacts of anthropogenic climate change on wildfire in California","volume":"7","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Futur."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2017.12.253","article-title":"The risk of tardive frost damage in French vineyards in a changing climate","volume":"250\u2013251","author":"Sgubin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-021-01090-x","article-title":"Rising risks of late-spring frosts in a changing climate","volume":"11","author":"Lamichhane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2010.05.001","article-title":"Climate change associated effects on grape and wine quality and production","volume":"43","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11217","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0603230103","article-title":"Extreme heat reduces and shifts United States premium wine production in the 21st century","volume":"103","author":"White","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-021-00454-y","article-title":"Future climate-zone shifts are threatening steep-slope agriculture","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Food"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-0453-3","article-title":"Version 4 of the CRU TS monthly high-resolution gridded multivariate climate dataset","volume":"7","author":"Harris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Data"}],"container-title":["Climate"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2225-1154\/12\/7\/94\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:06:39Z","timestamp":1760108799000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2225-1154\/12\/7\/94"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["cli12070094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cli12070094","relation":{},"ISSN":["2225-1154"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2225-1154","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]}}}