{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:49:00Z","timestamp":1777895340347,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/65982\/2009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/65982\/2009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Climate"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the results of a systematic review of temperature and precipitation extremes over the Iberian Peninsula, focusing on observed changes in temperature and precipitation during the past years and what are the projected changes by the end of the 21st century. The purpose of this review is to assess the current literature about extreme events and their change under global warming. Observational and climate modeling studies from the past decade were considered in this review. Based on observational evidence and in climate modeling experiments, mean and maximum temperatures are projected to increase about 2 \u00b0C around the mid-century and up to 4 \u00b0C by the end of the century. The more pronounced warming is expected in summer for the central-south region of IP, with temperatures reaching 6 \u00b0C to 8 \u00b0C around 2100. Days with maximum temperature exceeding 30 \u00b0C and 40 \u00b0C will become more common (20 to 50 days\/year), and the heatwaves will be 7 to 10 times more frequent. Significative reduction in events related to cold extremes. The climate change signal for precipitation in IP shows a considerable decline in precipitation (10\u201315%) for all seasons except winter. It is predicted that heavy precipitation will increase by 7% to 15%. Extreme precipitation will increase slightly (5%) by mid-century, then decline to 0% by 2100. Significant reduction in wet days (40% to 60%) followed by a dryness trend more pronounced by the end of the century.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cli9090139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T03:46:14Z","timestamp":1631591174000},"page":"139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Temperature and Precipitation Extremes over the Iberian Peninsula under Climate Change Scenarios: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3521-7026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana C.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM-Physic\u2019s Department, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9306-5142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM-Physic\u2019s Department, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4940-6522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM-Physic\u2019s Department, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3110","article-title":"Observed heavy precipitation increase confirms theory and early models","volume":"6","author":"Fischer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16063","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52277-4","article-title":"Frequency of extreme precipitation increases extensively with event rareness under global warming","volume":"9","author":"Myhre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.7014","article-title":"Projections of river floods in Europe using EURO-CORDEX, CMIP5 and CMIP6 simulations","volume":"41","author":"Coppola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"IPCC (2021, July 27). Summary for Policymakers, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Available online: https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/sr15\/chapter\/spm\/."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5192","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5158","article-title":"Heat wave and cold spell changes in Iberia for a future climate scenario","volume":"37","author":"Pereira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-020-05472-3","article-title":"Future surface temperature changes for the Iberian Peninsula according to EURO-CORDEX climate projections","volume":"56","author":"Carvalho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1536","article-title":"Asymmetric European summer heat predictability from wet and dry southern winters and springs","volume":"2","author":"Quesada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11174","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025480","article-title":"Temperature and precipitation extremes in century-long gridded observations, reanalyses, and atmospheric model simulations","volume":"121","author":"Donat","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-018-4124-4","article-title":"Mean and extreme temperatures in a warming climate: EURO CORDEX and WRF regional climate high-resolution projections for Portugal","volume":"52","author":"Cardoso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3354\/cr00934","article-title":"Evolution of extreme temperatures over Portugal: Recent changes and future scenarios","volume":"48","author":"Ramos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viceto, C., Pereira, S.C., and Rocha, A. (2019). Climate Change Projections of Extreme Temperatures for the Iberian Peninsula. Atmosphere, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10050229"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-8-603-2015","article-title":"Regional climate hindcast simulations within EURO-CORDEX: Evaluation of a WRF multi-physics ensemble","volume":"8","author":"Katragkou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geosci. Model. Dev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2385","article-title":"The PRISMA Extension Statement for Reporting of Systematic Reviews Incorporating Network Meta-analyses of Health Care Interventions: Checklist and Explanations","volume":"162","author":"Hutton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160450","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2016.0450","article-title":"Climate extremes, land-climate feedbacks and land-use forcing at 1.5 \u00b0C","volume":"376","author":"Seneviratne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2021, July 27). Understanding the Impacts of 1.5 \u00b0C Global Warming above Pre-Industrial Levels and Related Global Emission Pathways in the Context of Strengthening the Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty. Available online: https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/sr15\/."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50150","article-title":"Updated analyses of temperature and precipitation extreme indices since the beginning of the twentieth century: The HadEX2 dataset","volume":"118","author":"Donat","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-012-1539-1","article-title":"A multi-physics ensemble of present-day climate regional simulations over the Iberian Peninsula","volume":"40","author":"Jerez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2016.05.001","article-title":"Regionalization of Europe based on a K-Means Cluster Analysis of the climate change of temperatures and precipitation","volume":"94","author":"Carvalho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A\/B\/C"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2015.12.005","article-title":"Recent trends of extreme temperature indices for the Iberian Peninsula","volume":"94","author":"Fonseca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A\/B\/C"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4519","article-title":"Recent trend in temperature evolution in Spanish mainland (1951\u20132010): From warming to hiatus","volume":"36","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"477","article-title":"Allowable CO2 emissions based on regional and impact-related climate targets","volume":"529","author":"Seneviratne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3320","article-title":"In the observational record half a degree matters","volume":"7","author":"Schleussner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.5194\/esd-7-327-2016","article-title":"Differential climate impacts for policy-relevant limits to global warming: The case of 1.5 \u00b0C and 2 \u00b0C","volume":"7","author":"Schleussner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3609","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-10-3609-2017","article-title":"Changes in regional climate extremes as a function of global mean temperature: An interactive plotting framework","volume":"10","author":"Wartenburger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geosci. Model. Dev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-10-571-2017","article-title":"Half a degree additional warming, prognosis and projected impacts (HAPPI): Background and experimental design","volume":"10","author":"Mitchell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geosci. Model. Dev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180066","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2018.0066","article-title":"The myriad challenges of the Paris Agreement","volume":"376","author":"Mitchell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034006","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/3\/034006","article-title":"The European climate under a 2 \u00b0C global warming","volume":"9","author":"Vautard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"3","article-title":"The effect of the pathway to a two degrees warmer world on the regional temperature change of Europe","volume":"7","author":"Maule","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clim. Serv."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.5194\/esd-9-299-2018","article-title":"Changes in extremely hot days under stabilized 1.5 and 2.0 \u00b0C global warming scenarios as simulated by the HAPPI multi-model ensemble","volume":"9","author":"Wehner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1002\/2018EF000813","article-title":"Risks from Climate Extremes Change Differently from 1.5 \u00b0C to 2.0 \u00b0C Depending on Rarity","volume":"6","author":"Kharin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Futur."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.5194\/esd-9-459-2018","article-title":"European climate change at global mean temperature increases of 1.5 and 2 \u00b0C above pre-industrial conditions as simulated by the EURO-CORDEX regional climate models","volume":"9","author":"Nikulin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/2017EF000710","article-title":"Climate Impacts in Europe Under +1.5 \u00b0C Global Warming","volume":"6","author":"Jacob","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Futur."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160452","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2016.0452","article-title":"Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity projected at 1.5 \u00b0C and 2 \u00b0C global warming with a higher-resolution global climate model","volume":"376","author":"Betts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Field, C.B., Barros, V., Thomas, F., and Qin, D. (2012). Managing the Risks from Climate Extremes at the at the Local Level. Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139177245"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035009","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aaafd6","article-title":"Changes in a suite of indicators of extreme temperature and precipitation under 1.5 and 2 degrees warming","volume":"13","author":"Aerenson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Jacob, D., Taylor, M., Bindi, M., Brown, S., Camilloni, I., Diedhiou, A., Djalante, R., Ebi, K.L., and Engelbrecht, F. (2021, July 27). Impacts of 1.5 \u00b0C Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems. Available online: https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/sr15\/chapter\/chapter-3\/."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054006","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aab827","article-title":"Extreme heat waves under 1.5 \u00b0C and 2 \u00b0C global warming","volume":"13","author":"Dosio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocha, A., Pereira, S.C., Viceto, C., Silva, R., Neto, J., and Marta-Almeida, M. (2020). A Consistent Methodology to Evaluate Temperature and Heat Wave Future Projections for Cities: A Case Study for Lisbon. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10031149"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3803","article-title":"Trends in seasonal surface air temperature in mainland Portugal, since 1941","volume":"34","author":"Santo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/asl2.485","article-title":"Climate change multi-model projections for temperature extremes in Portugal","volume":"15","author":"Andrade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmospheric Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"WMO (2011). Weather extremes in a Changing Climate: Hindsight on Foresight. World Meteorol. Organ., 1075, 17."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034018","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/8\/3\/034018","article-title":"Historic and future increase in the global land area affected by monthly heat extremes","volume":"8","author":"Coumou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1029\/2019EF001189","article-title":"Concurrent 2018 Hot Extremes Across Northern Hemisphere Due to Human-Induced Climate Change","volume":"7","author":"Vogel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Futur."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3354\/cr00937","article-title":"Precipitation trends in Spanish hydrological divisions, 1946\u20132005","volume":"43","author":"Brunetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-011-0474-0","article-title":"Climatological aspects of extreme precipitation in Europe, related to mid-latitude cyclonic systems","volume":"107","author":"Karagiannidis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Clim."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-011-0528-3","article-title":"Climate change scenarios for precipitation extremes in Portugal","volume":"108","author":"Costa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Clim."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-013-1079-6","article-title":"Trends and correlations in annual extreme precipitation indices for mainland Portugal, 1941\u20132007","volume":"119","author":"Santo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Clim."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10773","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD027176","article-title":"Projections of Future Precipitation Extremes over Europe: A Multimodel Assessment of Climate Simulations","volume":"122","author":"Rajczak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, H.-O., P\u00f6rtner, D., Roberts, J., Skea, P.R., Shukla, A., Pirani, W., Moufouma-Okia, C., P\u00e9an, R., and Pidcock, S. (2018). Global Warming of 1.5 \u00b0C. An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5 \u00b0C above Pre-Industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty, World Meteorological Organization."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s40641-015-0009-3","article-title":"Precipitation Extremes under Climate Change","volume":"1","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Clim. Chang. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-016-3455-2","article-title":"Future precipitation in Portugal: High-resolution projections using WRF model and EURO-CORDEX multi-model ensembles","volume":"49","author":"Soares","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3616","article-title":"WRF high resolution simulation of Iberian mean and extreme precipitation climate","volume":"33","author":"Cardoso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3354\/cr00977","article-title":"Extreme winter precipitation in the Iberian Peninsula in 2010: Anomalies, driving mechanisms and future projections","volume":"46","author":"Trigo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3354\/cr00945","article-title":"Large-scale atmospheric dynamics of the wet winter 2009\u20132010 and its impact on hydrology in Portugal","volume":"46","author":"Andrade","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2012.10.001","article-title":"Recent changes in daily precipitation and surface air temperature extremes in mainland Portugal, in the period 1941\u20132007","volume":"127","author":"Santo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmospheric Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-14-0103.1","article-title":"Daily Precipitation Extreme Events in the Iberian Peninsula and Its Association with Atmospheric Rivers","volume":"16","author":"Ramos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-014-2432-x","article-title":"Climate change and the Portuguese precipitation: ENSEMBLES regional climate models results","volume":"45","author":"Soares","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3873","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4601","article-title":"Large-scale patterns of daily precipitation extremes on the Iberian Peninsula","volume":"36","author":"Merino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD024399","article-title":"Understanding climate change projections for precipitation over western Europe with a weather typing approach","volume":"121","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-016-3132-5","article-title":"Responses of European precipitation distributions and regimes to different blocking locations","volume":"48","author":"Sousa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044005","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/4\/044005","article-title":"Anthropogenic climate change affects meteorological drought risk in Europe","volume":"11","author":"Gudmundsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3416","article-title":"Anthropogenic climate change detected in European renewable freshwater resources","volume":"7","author":"Gudmundsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Alexander, L.V., Allen, S.K., Bindoff, N.L., Br\u00e9on, F.-M., Church, J.A., Cubasch, U., and Emori, S. (2013). 2013 Technical Summary. Climate Change 2013\u2014The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2013\u2014The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5450","DOI":"10.1002\/2015WR017031","article-title":"On the assessment of aridity with changes in atmospheric CO2","volume":"51","author":"Roderick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-016-1683-4","article-title":"Towards a fair comparison of statistical and dynamical downscaling in the framework of the EURO-CORDEX initiative","volume":"137","author":"Casanueva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.6269","article-title":"Extreme precipitation events under climate change in the Iberian Peninsula","volume":"40","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-7-1297-2014","article-title":"Regional climate modeling on European scales: A joint standard evaluation of the EURO-CORDEX RCM ensemble","volume":"7","author":"Kotlarski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geosci. Model. Dev."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"449","article-title":"Empirical-statistical downscaling and error correction of regional climate models and its impact on the climate change signal","volume":"112","author":"Gobiet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3846","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5469","article-title":"Comparison of statistical downscaling methods with respect to extreme events over Europe: Validation results from the perfect predictor experiment of the COST Action VALUE","volume":"39","author":"Hertig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-102014-021217","article-title":"Regional Dynamical Downscaling and the CORDEX Initiative","volume":"40","author":"Giorgi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/16742834.2018.1452520","article-title":"Regional earth system modeling: Review and future directions","volume":"11","author":"Giorgi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmospheric Ocean. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5287","article-title":"Evaluation of summer precipitation from EURO-CORDEX fine-scale RCM simulations over Norway","volume":"38","author":"Dyrrdal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-016-3453-4","article-title":"Assessment of multiple daily precipitation statistics in ERA-Interim driven Med-CORDEX and EURO-CORDEX experiments against high resolution observations","volume":"51","author":"Fantini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-19-957-2019","article-title":"Summertime precipitation extremes in a EURO-CORDEX 0.11\u00b0 ensemble at an hourly resolution","volume":"19","author":"Berg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-018-4181-8","article-title":"Consistency of climate change projections from multiple global and regional model intercomparison projects","volume":"52","author":"Cabos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3750","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5462","article-title":"An intercomparison of a large ensemble of statistical downscaling methods over Europe: Results from the VALUE perfect predictor cross-validation experiment","volume":"39","author":"Maraun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-015-2589-y","article-title":"Precipitation in the EURO-CORDEX 0.11\u00b0 and 0.44\u00b0 simulations: High resolution, high benefits?","volume":"46","author":"Prein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-013-1731-y","article-title":"European temperatures in CMIP5: Origins of present-day biases and future uncertainties","volume":"41","author":"Cattiaux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-12-068.1","article-title":"Regional, Very Heavy Daily Precipitation in NARCCAP Simulations","volume":"14","author":"Kawazoe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-013-0499-2","article-title":"EURO-CORDEX: New high-resolution climate change projections for European impact research","volume":"14","author":"Jacob","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-015-2529-x","article-title":"An RCM multi-physics ensemble over Europe: Multi-variable evaluation to avoid error compensation","volume":"45","author":"Vautard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-015-2865-x","article-title":"Daily precipitation statistics in a EURO-CORDEX RCM ensemble: Added value of raw and bias-corrected high-resolution simulations","volume":"47","author":"Casanueva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5488","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD024411","article-title":"Projections of climate change indices of temperature and precipitation from an ensemble of bias-adjusted high-resolution EURO-CORDEX regional climate models","volume":"121","author":"Dosio","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2913","article-title":"Regional estimates of the transient climate response to cumulative CO2 emissions","volume":"6","author":"LeDuc","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-018-2167-5","article-title":"Direct and component-wise bias correction of multi-variate climate indices: The percentile adjustment function diagnostic tool","volume":"147","author":"Casanueva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-016-2031-3","article-title":"Climate change scenarios of heat waves in Central Europe and their uncertainties","volume":"131","author":"Lhotka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Clim."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"501","article-title":"Seasonal dependence of WRF model biases and sensitivity to PBL schemes over Europe","volume":"139","author":"Fita","year":"2012","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/2015EF000304","article-title":"High-resolution dynamically downscaled projections of precipitation in the mid and late 21st century over North America","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Futur."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-013-1714-z","article-title":"The simulation of European heat waves from an ensemble of regional climate models within the EURO-CORDEX project","volume":"41","author":"Vautard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3786","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5222","article-title":"The VALUE perfect predictor experiment: Evaluation of temporal variability","volume":"39","author":"Maraun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-18-709-2014","article-title":"Variability of extreme precipitation over Europe and its relationships with teleconnection patterns","volume":"18","author":"Casanueva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5633","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-11-00073.1","article-title":"Evaluation of WRF Parameterizations for Climate Studies over Southern Spain Using a Multistep Regionalization","volume":"24","author":"Dudhia","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.5194\/esd-10-91-2019","article-title":"ESD Reviews: Model dependence in multi-model climate ensembles: Weighting, sub-selection and out-of-sample testing","volume":"10","author":"Abramowitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Dyn."}],"container-title":["Climate"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2225-1154\/9\/9\/139\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:02:15Z","timestamp":1760166135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2225-1154\/9\/9\/139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["cli9090139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cli9090139","relation":{},"ISSN":["2225-1154"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2225-1154","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]}}}