{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T16:59:22Z","timestamp":1768150762502,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]],"date-time":"2020-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/EMS\/00285\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/EMS\/00285\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031807"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M-ERA-NET2\/0014\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M-ERA-NET2\/0014\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["02\/SAICT\/2017, project n.\u00b0 29122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/SAICT\/2017, project n.\u00b0 29122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Coatings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbon-based coatings are used in many applications, particularly in sliding contacts to reduce friction and wear. To improve the tribological properties, these coatings are usually alloyed with metals; W is one of the most used since it helps improve the tribological performance at high temperatures. In this work, we compared the tribological performance of Diamond-Like Carbon alloyed with tungsten (DLC-W) films deposited by direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) with films deposited in a hybrid configuration DCMS + high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS). The DLC-W coatings were produced with approximately the same W content. One hydrogenated film was deposited with the hybrid configuration for comparison purposes. Microstructure, structure, mechanical properties, and tribological behaviour were used to compare the coatings. All the films displayed a low-order structure of tungsten carbide embedded in an amorphous carbon matrix. The use of the hybrid HiPIMS\/DCMS results in coatings with more compact morphologies due to the high ionization fraction of the species produced on the W target (W and Ar ionized species), which primarily will oppose the shadowing effect as the ions will reach the substrate at angles close to 90\u00b0. HiPIMS non-hydrogenated film is the more tribological, performing either at room or high temperature (150 \u00b0C) due to the much more compact morphology, which avoids the detachment of hard W-C particles, which are responsible for more efficiently scratching the film surface. Experiments revealed that wear behaviour in all the films is governed by the contact of the tribolayer formed on the counterpart composed of W\u2013C, C and W\u2013O against the surface of the film.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings10040319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]],"date-time":"2020-03-31T13:27:19Z","timestamp":1585661239000},"page":"319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Room and High Temperature Tribological Behaviour of W-DLC Coatings Produced by DCMS and Hybrid DCMS-HiPIMS Configuration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Manuel","family":"Evaristo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SEG-CEMMPRE: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4035-3241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SEG-CEMMPRE: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Control Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 2, 6 166 27 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8251-5099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albano","family":"Cavaleiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SEG-CEMMPRE: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"LED&amp;Mat: Instituto Pedro Nunes, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R311","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/39\/18\/R01","article-title":"Tribology of diamond-like carbon films: Recent progress and future prospects","volume":"39","author":"Erdemir","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.200930004","article-title":"Evaluation of Adhesion and Wear Resistance of DLC Films Deposited by Various Methods","volume":"6","author":"Horiuchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plasma Process. Polym."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2007.02.003","article-title":"Effect of film thickness and interlayer on the adhesion strength of diamond like carbon films on different substrates","volume":"16","author":"Wei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diam. Relat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0257-8972(97)00458-1","article-title":"Tribology of diamond like carbon and related materials: An updated review","volume":"91\u201395","author":"Grill","year":"1997","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2010.07.074","article-title":"High temperature tribological behaviour of carbon based (B4C and DLC) coatings in sliding contact with aluminium","volume":"519","author":"Lukitsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donnet, C., and Erdemir, A. (2008). Doping and Alloying Effects on DLC Coatings. Tribology of Diamond-Like Carbon Films, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-49891-1"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2010.01.008","article-title":"Ti-DLC films with superior friction performance","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diam. Relat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.04.112","article-title":"Chromium-modified a-C films with advanced structural, mechanical and corrosive-resistant characteristics","volume":"379","author":"Ming","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1002\/ls.1259","article-title":"Tribological behaviour of W-alloyed carbon-based coatings in dry and lubricated sliding contact","volume":"26","author":"Evaristo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lubr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2011.01.053","article-title":"Carbon-based coatings doped by copper: Tribological and mechanical behavior in olive oil lubrication","volume":"205","author":"Balestra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2015.07.117","article-title":"Silver-doped nanocomposite carbon coatings (Ag-DLC) for biomedical applications\u2014Physiochemical and biological evaluation","volume":"355","author":"Bociaga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6090(98)01456-4","article-title":"Tribological performance and tribochemistry of nanocrystalline WC\/amorphous diamond-like carbon composites","volume":"342","author":"Voevodin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2011.08.002","article-title":"High temperature tribological behavior of W-DLC against aluminium","volume":"206","author":"Lukitsch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2015.09.181","article-title":"Effects of WC phase contents on the microstructure, mechanical properties and tribological behaviors of WC\/a-C superlattice coatings","volume":"357","author":"Pu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2013.10.075","article-title":"High temperature tribological behavior of W containing diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating against titanium alloys","volume":"241","author":"Banerji","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2017.06.093","article-title":"Role of an oxygen atmosphere in high temperature sliding behaviour of W containing diamond-like carbon (W-DLC)","volume":"332","author":"Bhowmick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2019.107521","article-title":"Diamond-like carbon coatings deposited by deep oscillation magnetron sputtering in Ar-Ne discharge","volume":"98","author":"Ferreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diam. Relat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aijaz, A., Ferreira, F., Oliveira, J., and Kubart, T. (2018). Mechanical Properties of Hydrogen Free Diamond-Like Carbon Thin Films Deposited by High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering with Ne. Coatings, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings8110385"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2014.09.020","article-title":"Effect of peak target power on the properties of Cr thin films sputtered by HiPIMS in deep oscillation magnetron sputtering (DOMS) mode","volume":"258","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2017.02.044","article-title":"Thick diamond like carbon coatings deposited by deep oscillation magnetron sputtering","volume":"315","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2009.11.013","article-title":"High power pulsed magnetron sputtering: A review on scientific and engineering state of the art","volume":"204","author":"Sarakinos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-796X(02)00005-0","article-title":"Diamond-like amorphous carbon","volume":"37","author":"Robertson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10468","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.41.10468","article-title":"Subplantation model for film growth from hyperthermal species","volume":"41","author":"Lifshitz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-9635(93)90262-Z","article-title":"Deposition mechanisms for promoting sp3 bonding in diamond-like carbon","volume":"2","author":"Robertson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diam. Relat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6090(97)00758-X","article-title":"Tungsten\u2013carbon films prepared by reactive sputtering from argon\u2013benzene discharges","volume":"320","author":"Radic","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1648(01)00558-0","article-title":"Differentiating the tribological performance of hydrogenated and hydrogen-free DLC coatings","volume":"249","author":"Ronkainen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2014.08.003","article-title":"Sliding properties of Zr-DLC coatings: The effect of tribolayer formation","volume":"258","author":"Vitu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2009.05.038","article-title":"Metal carbide\/amorphous C-based nanocomposite coatings for tribological applications","volume":"204","author":"Abad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1648(99)00255-0","article-title":"The influence of microstructure on tribological properties of WO3 thin films","volume":"232","author":"Greenwood","year":"1999","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3103\/S106836661002008X","article-title":"Influence of Environment and Temperature on Tribological Behavior of Diamond and Diamond Like Coatings","volume":"31\u201332","author":"Semenov","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Frict. Wear"}],"container-title":["Coatings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6412\/10\/4\/319\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:12:28Z","timestamp":1760173948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6412\/10\/4\/319"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["coatings10040319"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/coatings10040319","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6412"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6412","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]]}}}