{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T18:56:46Z","timestamp":1774033006965,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["Base Funding - UIDB\/00511\/2020 of the Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy - LEPABE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Base Funding - UIDB\/00511\/2020 of the Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy - LEPABE"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"INTERREG V Espanha Portugal (POCTEP)","award":["\u201cCVMAR+I - Industrial Innovation and Marine Biotechnology Valorization\u201d project (0302_CVMAR_I_1_P)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u201cCVMAR+I - Industrial Innovation and Marine Biotechnology Valorization\u201d project (0302_CVMAR_I_1_P)"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Scientific Employment Stimulus - Individual Call - [CEECIND\/01700\/2017]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Scientific Employment Stimulus - Individual Call - [CEECIND\/01700\/2017]"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FEDER funds through COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionaliza\u00e7\u00e3o (POCI) and FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["Project PTDC\/BII-BIO\/29589\/2017 - POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project PTDC\/BII-BIO\/29589\/2017 - POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029589"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Coatings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of antifouling (AF) technology for marine environments is an area of intense research given the severe economic and ecological effects of marine biofouling. Preliminary data from in vitro assays is frequently used to screen the performance of AF coatings. It is intuitive that microbial composition plays a major role in surface colonization. The rationale behind this study is to investigate whether using a mixed population for the in vitro tests yields substantially different results than using single strains during initial screening. A polymeric coating was tested against single- and dual-species cultures of two common microfouler organisms for 49 days. A bacterium (Pseudoaltermonas tunicata) and a cyanobacterium (Cyanobium sp. LEGE 10375) were used in this study. Linear regression analysis revealed that Cyanobium sp. biofilms were significantly associated with a higher number of cells, wet weight, thickness, and biovolume compared to dual-species biofilms. P. tunicata alone had a biofilm growth kinetics similar to dual-species biofilms, although the P. tunicata\u2013Cyanobium sp. mixture developed less dense and thinner biofilms compared to both single-species biofilms. Cyanobium sp. LEGE 10375 biofilms provided the worst-case scenario, i.e., the conditions that caused higher biofilm amounts on the surface material under test. Therefore, it is likely that assessing the AF performance of new coatings using the most stringent conditions may yield more robust results than using a mixed population, as competition between microfouler organisms may reduce the biofilm formation capacity of the consortium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings11010090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T12:44:05Z","timestamp":1610714645000},"page":"90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Developing New Marine Antifouling Surfaces: Learning from Single-Strain Laboratory Tests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sara I.","family":"Faria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8992-1097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana C.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Teixeira-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4190-0959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3585-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edtor","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"FCUP\u2014Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4069-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5233-1037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe J. M.","family":"Mergulh\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caruso, G. (2020). Microbial Colonization in Marine Environments: Overview of Current Knowledge and Emerging Research Topics. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse8020078"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2018.00126","article-title":"Marine biofilms: A successful microbial strategy with economic implications","volume":"5","author":"Carvalho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mar. 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