{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T15:06:42Z","timestamp":1767625602775,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/143905\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/143905\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Coatings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of the present study is twofold: (i) to assess the salivary nickel, chromium, and iron concentrations and (ii) to characterize the surface microstructure of the typical commercially available Ni-containing metallic appliances during the first 12-week orthodontic treatment period. A total of 85 unstimulated saliva samples were collected from patients before treatment, after 2 days, and after 1, 4, and 12 weeks. Salivary ion concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, and data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS) software. The recorded mean metal concentrations were in the ranges of 132\u2013175 \u00b5g\/L for Ni, 171\u2013192 \u00b5g\/L for Cr, and 826\u20131023 \u00b5g\/L for Fe. No statistically significant variations were observed between the different study times, and the null hypothesis (the concentrations of metallic ions in patients\u2019 saliva did not significantly change after the placement of the orthodontic appliances) was accepted (p &gt; 0.05). Mean salivary metallic ions were below toxic levels, and no adverse clinical reactions were registered. The intraoral surface degradation of the fixed components was corroborated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectrometry. Microstructural analysis after complete orthodontic procedure confirmed different corrosion types, from pitting to biocorrosion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings12050554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T00:22:43Z","timestamp":1650414163000},"page":"554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Metal Release and Surface Degradation of Fixed Orthodontic Appliances during the Dental Levelling and Aligning Phase: A 12-Week Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5251-5506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Fr\u00f3is","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Luis Reis Santos, 3030-177 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Biophysics Institute, University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research\/Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (iCBR\/CIBB), \r\n3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alexandra Ricardo","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Luis Reis Santos, 3030-177 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2409-5748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia Alves","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Orthodontics, University of Coimbra, Av. Bissaya Barreto, Bloco de Celas, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8142-0650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina Santos","family":"Louro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Luis Reis Santos, 3030-177 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.66648","article-title":"An overview of orthodontic material degradation in oral cavity","volume":"21","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2007.03.021","article-title":"Corrosion of orthodontic appliances-should we care?","volume":"133","author":"House","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. 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