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This study is part of the systematic testing of W-S-N solid lubricants in different environments, especially vacuum, which is often ignored. The trend is to test sliding properties in dry N2 by considering it as replacement of vacuum environment testing. This approach is not appropriate. In this work, a set of coatings was synthesized with N-alloying content in the range of 0\u201325.5 at.%. A maximum S\/W ratio of 1.47 was observed for the pure WSx coating. A maximum hardness of 8.0 GPa was observed for 23 at.% of N-alloying. The coating with the lowest N content (14.6 at.%) displayed the lowest friction, specific wear rate and wear scar depth under vacuum conditions. Despite superior sliding performance at room temperature (35% humidity), 200 \u00b0C and dry nitrogen conditions, the performance of the WSN12.5 coating deteriorated vacuum environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings12111646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T07:26:50Z","timestamp":1667114810000},"page":"1646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Vacuum Tribological Properties of W-S-N Coatings Synthesized by Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5598-8322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Talha Bin","family":"Yaqub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE\u2014Centre for Mechanical Engineering Materials and Processes, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"IPN\u2014LED & MAT\u2014Instituto Pedro Nunes, Laboratory of Tests Wear and Materials, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (Nust), H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4208-9018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khuram","family":"Yaqoob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (Nust), H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Mukhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (Nust), H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4035-3241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE\u2014Centre for Mechanical Engineering Materials and Processes, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"IPN\u2014LED & MAT\u2014Instituto Pedro Nunes, Laboratory of Tests Wear and Materials, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"ISEP\u2014School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2250-9388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey","family":"Bondarev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Control Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 2, 16627 Prague 6, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1020-4758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE\u2014Centre for Mechanical Engineering Materials and Processes, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Al-Rjoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE\u2014Centre for Mechanical Engineering Materials and Processes, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8251-5099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albano","family":"Cavaleiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE\u2014Centre for Mechanical Engineering Materials and Processes, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"IPN\u2014LED & MAT\u2014Instituto Pedro Nunes, Laboratory of Tests Wear and Materials, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vazirisereshk, M.R., Martini, A., Strubbe, D.A., and Baykara, M.Z. (2019). Solid lubrication with MoS2: A review. Lubricants, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/lubricants7070057"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2019.124992","article-title":"DCMS Mo-Se-C solid lubricant coatings\u2014Synthesis, structural, mechanical and tribological property investigation","volume":"378","author":"Vuchkov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2011.03.004","article-title":"Review on self-lubricant transition metal dichalcogenide nanocomposite coatings alloyed with carbon","volume":"206","author":"Polcar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019163707747","article-title":"WC\/DLC\/WS2 nanocomposite coatings for aerospace tribology","volume":"6","author":"Voevodin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tribol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/S0257-8972(01)01249-X","article-title":"The influence of the addition of C and N on the wear behaviour of W-S-C\/N coatings","volume":"142\u2013144","author":"Nossa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2020.126651","article-title":"Elevated-temperature super-lubrication performance analysis of dispersion-strengthened WSN coatings: Experimental research and first-principles calculation","volume":"406","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.02.116","article-title":"Exploring the industrial implementation of W-S-N coatings: A detailed study of the synthesis, compositional, structural, mechanical and multi-environment lubrication properties","volume":"18","author":"Cavaleiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."}],"container-title":["Coatings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6412\/12\/11\/1646\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:06:09Z","timestamp":1760144769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6412\/12\/11\/1646"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["coatings12111646"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/coatings12111646","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6412"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6412","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]]}}}