{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T02:52:24Z","timestamp":1771037544289,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,21]],"date-time":"2023-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT-MCTES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00667\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00667\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT-MCTES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/00667\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00667\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT-MCTES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020\u20132023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020\u20132023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Coatings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface metal matrix composites offer an excellent solution for applications where surface properties play a crucial role in components\u2019 performance and durability, such as greater corrosion resistance, better wear resistance, and high formability. Solid-state processing techniques, such as friction surfacing and friction stir welding\/processing, offer several advantages over conventional liquid-phase processing methods. This research investigated the feasibility of producing surface composites of aluminium-based dissimilar alloys reinforced with functional microparticles through experimental validation, determined the process parameters that resulted in a more homogeneous distribution of the particles in the surface composites, and enhanced the understanding of Upward Friction Stir Processing (UFSP) technology. The production of aluminium-based dissimilar alloys (AA 7075-T651 and AA 6082-T651) surface composites reinforced with SiC particles was studied, and it was concluded that the macrography and micrography analyses, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, microhardness measurements, and eddy currents technique reveal an extensive and homogeneous incorporation of SiC particles. In the stirred zone, a decrease of approximately 20 HV 0.5 in hardness was observed compared to the base material. This reduction is attributed to the weakening effect caused by low-temperature annealing during UFSP, which reduces the strengthening effect of the T651 heat treatment. Additionally, the presence of particles did not affect the surface composite hardness in the stirred zone. Furthermore, despite the presence of significant internal defects, SEM analyses revealed evidence of the lower alloy merging with the upper zone, indicating that the lower plate had a role beyond being merely sacrificial. Therefore, the production of bimetallic composites through UFSP may offer advantages over composites produced from a monometallic matrix. The results of the eddy currents testing and microhardness measurements support this finding and are consistent with the SEM\/EDS analyses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings13050962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T03:57:32Z","timestamp":1684727852000},"page":"962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Aluminium-Based Dissimilar Alloys Surface Composites Reinforced with Functional Microparticles Produced by Upward Friction Stir Processing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Filipe","family":"Moreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIDEMI, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5344-898X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIDEMI, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0914-8517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui J. C.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT\/i3N, Departamento de Ci\u00eancia dos Materiais, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9072-5010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Telmo G.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIDEMI, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado de Sistemas Inteligentes, LASI, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7622-847X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIDEMI, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado de Sistemas Inteligentes, LASI, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2022.112405","article-title":"Granting Sensorial Properties to Metal Parts through Friction Stir Processing","volume":"207","author":"Ferreira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Meas. J. Int. Meas. Confed."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2016.02.001","article-title":"Magnesium Based Surface Metal Matrix Composites by Friction Stir Processing","volume":"4","author":"Sunil","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloy."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2015.04.019","article-title":"Surface Composites by Friction Stir Processing: A Review","volume":"224","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1080\/01694243.2022.2037054","article-title":"A Review of Nanoparticle Reinforced Surface Composites Processed by Friction Stir Processing","volume":"37","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omotehinse, I.S., Abioye, T.E., Anasyida, A.S., and Omiyale, B.O. (2023). Review of Parametric Strategies for Enhancing the Mechanical and Wear Properties of Friction Stir Processed Aluminium Alloys Composites. Trans. Indian Inst. Met., 76.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12666-023-02919-z"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/10426914.2020.1813897","article-title":"A Review on Manufacturing the Surface Composites by Friction Stir Processing","volume":"36","author":"Bharti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200119","DOI":"10.1002\/masy.202200119","article-title":"A Review on Aluminum Matrix Composites Synthesized by FSP","volume":"407","author":"Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"Macromol. Symp."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00084433.2023.2193500","article-title":"Influence of Various Tool Shoulder Design on Hybrid Surface Composite of AA7075-T651\/SiC\/Graphene through Friction Stir Processing","volume":"62","author":"Vasava","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can. Metall. Q"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmachtools.2019.05.006","article-title":"State-of-the-Art of Surface Integrity in Machining of Metal Matrix Composites","volume":"143","author":"Liao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"441","article-title":"Manufacturing Techniques for Metal Matrix Composites (MMC): An Overview","volume":"6","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.02.516","article-title":"A Study of Advancement in Application Opportunities of Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites","volume":"26","author":"Bhandari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, P.M., Machado, M.A., Carvalho, M.S., and Vidal, C. (2022). Embedded Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring: Methodologies and Applications Review. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202210.0414.v1"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1179\/sur.1997.13.5.389","article-title":"Surface Composites: Novel Method to Fabricate Adherent Interfaces","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Surf. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(00)01361-7","article-title":"Laser Produced Functionally Graded Tungsten Carbide Coatings on M2 High-Speed Tool Steel","volume":"302","author":"Rabkin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-6090(80)90352-1","article-title":"Particulate-TiC-Hardened Steel Surfaces by Laser Melt Injection","volume":"73","author":"Ayers","year":"1980","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1080\/10426914.2012.718477","article-title":"Laser Deposition of Ti-6Al-4V Wire with WC Powder for Functionally Graded Components","volume":"28","author":"Farayibi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1080\/10426914.2012.700154","article-title":"Fabrication of Multiple Ceramic Particle Reinforced Iron Matrix Coating by Laser Cladding","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1080\/01694243.2021.1964846","article-title":"Consequence of Reinforced SiC Particles on Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of AA6061 Surface Composites by Multi-Pass FSP","volume":"36","author":"Mehdi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1007\/s12633-018-0037-4","article-title":"Investigation on the Effects of Silicon Carbide and Cooling Medium during Multi-Pass FSP of Al-Mg\/ SiC Surface Composites","volume":"11","author":"Srivastava","year":"2019","journal-title":"Silicon"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2022.01.256","article-title":"Effect of Single and Double Pass Friction Stir Processing on Microhardness and Wear Properties of AA5083\/Al2O3 Surface Composites","volume":"57","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/10426914.2012.677912","article-title":"Use of Friction Surfacing for Additive Manufacturing","volume":"28","author":"Dilip","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/10426914.2014.892981","article-title":"Fabrication and Evaluation of Ti3Alp\/Ti\u20136Al\u20134V Surface Layer via Additive Friction-Stir Processing","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1080\/10426914.2013.864410","article-title":"Friction-Stir Nitriding of Titanium Alloy Surface Layer","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-6326(14)63195-2","article-title":"Effects of Processing Parameters on Corrosion Properties of Dissimilar Friction Stir Welds of Aluminium and Copper","volume":"24","author":"Akinlabi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2016.10.213","article-title":"Effect of Plunge Depth on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of FSW Lap Joint between Aluminum Alloy and Nickel-Base Alloy","volume":"695","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2018.01.033","article-title":"Influence of Tool Geometry on Material Flow and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Al-Cu Bimetals","volume":"255","author":"Beygi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01694243.2023.2197681","article-title":"Effect of Different Volume Ratios of SiC and TiO2 Reinforcement Particles on Mono and Hybrid Surface Composites of AA7075-T651 through Friction Stir Processing","volume":"4","author":"Vasava","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2016.11.389","article-title":"Mechanical and Microstructural Behavior of Friction Stir Welded Similar and Dissimilar Sheets of AA2219 and AA7475 Aluminium Alloys","volume":"695","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2012.01.031","article-title":"Analysis of High Temperature Plastic Behaviour and Its Relation with Weldability in Friction Stir Welding for Aluminium Alloys AA5083-H111 and AA6082-T6","volume":"37","author":"Louro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2013.10.090","article-title":"Mechanical, Fatigue and Microstructural Properties of Friction Stir Welded 5083-H111 and 6082-T651 Aluminum Alloys","volume":"56","author":"Gungor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2007.12.008","article-title":"Preliminary Study on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Friction Stir Welds in Aircraft Aluminium Alloys 2024-T351 and 6056-T4","volume":"206","author":"Sheikhi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2018.01.016","article-title":"Microstructure and Texture Evolution of Friction Stir Welded Dissimilar Aluminum Alloys: AA2024 and AA6061","volume":"32","author":"Moradi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Experimental Correlation Between Microstructure, Residual Stresses and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded 2024-T6 Aluminum Alloys","volume":"15","author":"Farhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Des. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-021-06474-w","article-title":"Effect of Friction Welding Parameters on the Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Dissimilar IN713C-AISI 4140 Joints","volume":"31","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7684","DOI":"10.15282\/jmes.15.1.2021.06.0606","article-title":"Effect of Friction Stir Welding Parameters on the Residual Stress Distribution of Al-2024-T6 Alloy","volume":"15","author":"Farhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mech. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2013.10.082","article-title":"Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Materials between AA6061 and AA7075 Al Alloys Effects of Process Parameters","volume":"56","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2016.04.014","article-title":"Influence of Plate Position, Tool Offset and Tool Rotational Speed on Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Dissimilar Al\/Cu Friction Stir Welding Joints","volume":"235","author":"Sahu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2008.05.044","article-title":"Effect of Welding Parameters on Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Dissimilar AA6082\u2013AA2024 Joints Produced by Friction Stir Welding","volume":"30","author":"Cavaliere","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2012.08.002","article-title":"Effect of Material Location and Tool Rotational Speed on Microstructure and Tensile Strength of Dissimilar Friction Stir Welded Aluminum Alloys","volume":"12","author":"Dinaharan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2017.12.004","article-title":"Joining of AZ91 Mg Alloy and Al6063 Alloy Sheets by Friction Stir Welding","volume":"6","author":"Prasad","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloy."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2014.11.039","article-title":"Friction Stir Welding Process of Dissimilar Metals of 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy to AZ31B Magnesium Alloy","volume":"218","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/10426914.2021.1942909","article-title":"Functionalized Material Production via Multi-Stack Upward Friction Stir Processing (UFSP)","volume":"37","author":"Nogueira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2022.105137","article-title":"Fabrication of a Biodegradable and Cytocompatible Magnesium\/Nanohydroxyapatite\/Fluorapatite Composite by Upward Friction Stir Processing for Biomedical Applications","volume":"129","author":"Vidal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milosan, I., Bed\u0151, T., Gabor, C., Munteanu, D., Pop, M.A., Catana, D., Cosnita, M., and Varga, B. (2021). Characterization of Aluminum Alloy\u2013Silicon Carbide Functionally Graded Materials Developed by Centrifugal Casting Process. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11041625"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamadon, A., Pons, D., Sued, K., and Clucas, D. (2017). Development of Metallographic Etchants for the Microstructure Evolution of A6082-T6 BFSW Welds. Metals, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/met7100423"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"64","article-title":"On the Characteristics of Friction Stir Welding Lap Joint of Magnesium and Aluminum","volume":"15","author":"Zamani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2017.11.034","article-title":"Dissimilar Friction Stir Lap Welding of Magnesium to Aluminum Using Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Interlayer","volume":"711","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2015.05.007","article-title":"Friction Stir Welding of Light Metals for Industrial Applications","volume":"2","author":"Grimm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2018.09.047","article-title":"Non-Destructive Microstructural Analysis by Electrical Conductivity: Comparison with Hardness Measurements in Different Materials","volume":"35","author":"Sorger","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Coatings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6412\/13\/5\/962\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:39:20Z","timestamp":1760125160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6412\/13\/5\/962"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,21]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["coatings13050962"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/coatings13050962","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6412"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6412","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,21]]}}}