{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T07:53:14Z","timestamp":1771573994644,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Coatings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the last decade, it has been common to observe a competition between coatings achieved via physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques on cutting tools used in machining processes. The tool\u2019s substrate material can immediately condition the coating process selection. However, there are also materials capabe of adapting to any of the coating processes. Hence, the capabilities demonstrated by a given coating when created with one technique or another are usually different due to the intrinsic characteristics of each coating process, such as temperature and stress levels. In this work, to study the machining behavior of a super duplex stainless steel, PVD- and CVD-coated tungsten carbide inserts with different coatings were used in order to identify the wear mechanisms that affect each of the coatings and the workpiece\u2019s surface quality, evaluated through different roughness parameters. The vibration level produced throughout the various tests was also registered in an attempt to associate the type of coating or insert failure with the level of vibrations generated in the CNC (Computer Numeric Control) machining spindle. This allowed us to conclude that the tools coated with TiAlN via PVD showed better wear behavior, as well as creating workpiece surfaces with less roughness. Thus, it was clear that this coating presents strong advantages in the machining of the super duplex stainless steel chosen for this work, being an innovative work due to the combination of materials used and the approach in terms of vibration analysis applied to milling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings9060392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T11:24:45Z","timestamp":1560770685000},"page":"392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Machining GX2CrNiMoN26-7-4 DSS Alloy: Wear Analysis of TiAlN and TiCN\/Al2O3\/TiN Coated Carbide Tools Behavior in Rough End Milling Operations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8570-4362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP\u2014School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0008-2048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Martinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP\u2014School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP\u2014School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9344-8503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hern\u00e2ni","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP\u2014School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ronny","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP\u2014School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manawi, Y.M., Ihsanullah Samara, A., Al-Ansari, T., and Atieh, M.A. (2018). A Review of carbon nanomaterials\u2019 synthesis via the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) Method. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11050822"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baptista, A., Silva, F.J.G., Porteiro, J., M\u00edguez, J., and Pinto, G. (2018). Sputtering physical vapour deposition (PVD) coatings: A critical review on process improvement and market trend demands. Coatings, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings8110402"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, G., Silva, F.J.G., Porteiro, J., M\u00edguez, J., and Baptista, A. (2018). Numerical simulation applied to PVD reactors: An overview. Coatings, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings8110410"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2007.01.048","article-title":"Wear behaviour of uncoated and diamond coated Si3N4 tools under severe turning conditions","volume":"267","author":"Martinho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2008.03.065","article-title":"Cutting forces and wear analysis of Si3N4 diamond coated tools in high speed machining","volume":"82","author":"Martinho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-9635(02)00029-8","article-title":"Microwave plasma chemical vapour deposition diamond nucleation on ferrous substrates with Ti and Cr interlayers","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diam. Relat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2003.10.081","article-title":"A new interlayer approach for CVD diamond coating of steel substrates","volume":"13","author":"Silva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diam. Relat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2017.11.015","article-title":"Wear behaviour of CVD diamond-coated tools in the drilling of woven CFRP composites","volume":"398","author":"Kuo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2018.07.050","article-title":"Performance analysis of nano engineered diamond coated tools for machining of AA2124\/SiCp composite material","volume":"26","author":"Ramasubramanian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9187","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2012.6759","article-title":"Mechanical and tribological characterization of TiB2 thin films","volume":"12","author":"Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2013.11.042","article-title":"Characterization of laboratory and industrial CrN\/CrCN\/diamond-like carbon coatings","volume":"550","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, F.J.G., Martinho, R.P., Andrade, M.F.G., Baptista, A.P.M., and Alexandre, R. (2017). Improving the wear resistance of moulds for the injection of glass fibre\u2013reinforced plastics using PVD coatings: A comparative study. Coatings, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings7020028"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2018.10.007","article-title":"Limiting conditions for application of PVD (TiAlN) and CVD (TiCN\/Al2O3\/TiN) coated cemented carbide grades in the turning of hardened steels","volume":"416","author":"Boing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-013-0325-2","article-title":"Wear behaviors of single-layer and multi-layer coated carbide inserts in high speed machining of hardened AISI 4340 steel","volume":"27","author":"Chinchanikar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mech. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2013.01.013","article-title":"Investigations on machinability aspects of hardened AISI 4340 steel at different levels of hardness using coated carbide tools","volume":"38","author":"Chinchanikar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"180","article-title":"Experimental investigation on tool wear behavior of multi-layered coatedcarbide inserts using various sensors in hard turning process","volume":"49","author":"Kene","year":"2016","journal-title":"IFAC Pap."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"48","article-title":"Effect of cutting parameters in the surface residual stresses generated by turninginAISI4340steel","volume":"61","author":"Navas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2017.01.115","article-title":"Wear behaviour of coated carbide tools during machining of Ti6Al4V aerospace alloy associated with strong built up edge formation","volume":"313","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precisioneng.2017.04.006","article-title":"Effect of coating layer loss on the wear rate change of coated carbide tools in turning process","volume":"50","author":"Martinez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Precis. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2015.09.011","article-title":"Influence of cutting fluid conditions and cutting parameters on surface roughness and tool wear in turning process using Taguchi method","volume":"78","author":"Debnath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostr.2016.06.221","article-title":"Super and hyper duplex stainless steels: Structures, properties and applications","volume":"2","author":"Chail","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Struct. Integr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostr.2017.04.036","article-title":"Intergranular corrosion susceptibility analysis in austeno-ferritic (duplex) stainless steels","volume":"3","author":"Iacoviello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Struct. Integr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-016-9514-3","article-title":"Tribological behavior of superduplex stainless steel against PVD hard coatings on cemented carbide","volume":"90","author":"Paiva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2012.06.011","article-title":"Effect of solution treatment on pitting behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel","volume":"10","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2017.07.061","article-title":"Coated tool performance in dry turning of super duplex stainless steel","volume":"10","author":"Rajaguru","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2018.06.023","article-title":"Characterization on stress-strain behavior of ferrite and austenite in a 2205 duplex stainless steel based on nanoindentation and finite element method","volume":"11","author":"Tao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2018.02.020","article-title":"Interaction between austein-ferrite phases on passive performance of 2205 duplex stainless steel","volume":"34","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2015.09.031","article-title":"Surface integrity of 2304 duplex stainless steel after different grinding operations","volume":"229","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2017.01.002","article-title":"Weldability, machinability and surfacing of commercial duplex stainless steel AISI 2205 for marine applications\u2014A recent review","volume":"8","author":"Jebaraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2010.02.008","article-title":"Wear behavior of adaptive nano-multilayered AlTiN\/MexN PVD coatings during machining of aerospace alloys","volume":"43","author":"Biksa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1648(01)00570-1","article-title":"Tool wear and machinability of HIPed P\/M and conventional cast duplex stainless steels","volume":"249","author":"Paro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2013.04.008","article-title":"Machinability study of first generation duplex (2205), second generation duplex (2507) and austenite stainless steel during drilling process","volume":"304","author":"Nomani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2017.11.619","article-title":"An experimental study of surface roughness variation in end milling of super duplex 2507 stainless steel","volume":"5","author":"Airao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2017.08.078","article-title":"Optimization of cutting force of duplex stainless steel in dry milling operation","volume":"4","author":"Selvaraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2006.11.029","article-title":"Surface roughness optimization in an end-milling operation using the Taguchi design method","volume":"184","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6955(00)00069-9","article-title":"Influence of machining by finishing milling on surface characteristics","volume":"41","author":"Salah","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gouveia, R.M., Silva, F.J.G., Reis, P., and Baptista, A.M.P. (2016). Machining duplex stainless steel: Comparative study regarding end mill coated tools. Coatings, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings6040051"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2014.05.001","article-title":"Determination of tool life and research wear during duplex stainless steel turning","volume":"15","author":"Krolczyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2017.05.098","article-title":"Increasing the lifespan of high-pressure die cast molds subjected to severe wear","volume":"332","author":"Nunes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2017.11.010","article-title":"Investigation on flank wear mechanism of CVD and PVD hard coatings in high speed dry turning of low and high carbon steel","volume":"396","author":"Naskar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2007.10.078","article-title":"Nanoindentation hardness, texture and microstructure of \u03b1Al2O3 and \u03ba-Al2O3 coatings","volume":"516","author":"Ruppi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(1996). ISO 4288:1996 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)\u2014Surface Texture: Profile Method\u2014Rules and Procedures for the Assessment of Surface Texture, International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-019-03351-8","article-title":"Comparative study of PVD and CVD cutting tools performance in milling of duplex stainless steel","volume":"102","author":"Martinho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."}],"container-title":["Coatings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6412\/9\/6\/392\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:59:10Z","timestamp":1760187550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6412\/9\/6\/392"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["coatings9060392"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/coatings9060392","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6412"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6412","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]]}}}