{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T02:51:36Z","timestamp":1768445496479,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Coatings"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nano carbons, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, show very interesting electrochemical properties and are becoming a focus of interest in many areas, including electrodeposition of carbon\u2013metal composites for battery application. The aim of this study was to incorporate carbon materials (namely oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (ox-MWCNT), pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes (P-MWCNT), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO)) into a metallic tin matrix. Formation of the carbon\u2013tin composite materials was achieved by electrodeposition from a choline chloride-based ionic solvent. The different structures and treatments of the carbon materials will create metallic composites with different characteristics. The electrochemical characterization of Sn and Sn composites was performed using chronoamperometry, potentiometry, electrochemical impedance, and cyclic voltammetry. The initial growth stages of Sn and Sn composites were characterized by a glassy-carbon (GC) electrode surface. Nucleation studies were carried out, and the effect of the carbon materials was characterized using the Scharifker and Hills (SH) and Scharifker and Mostany (SM) models. Through a non-linear fitting method, it was shown that the nucleation of Sn and Sn composites on a GC surface occurred through a 3D instantaneous process with growth controlled by diffusion. According to Raman and XRD analysis, carbon materials were successfully incorporated at the Sn matrix. AFM and SEM images showed that the carbon incorporation influences the coverage of the surface as well as the size and shape of the agglomerate. From the analysis of the corrosion tests, it is possible to say that Sn-composite films exhibit a comparable or slightly better corrosion performance as compared to pure Sn films.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings9120798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T11:07:00Z","timestamp":1574852820000},"page":"798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Electrodeposition of Sn and Sn Composites with Carbon Materials Using Choline Chloride-Based Ionic Liquids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3291-7713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana T. S. C.","family":"Brand\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIQUP, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169\u2013007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1145-2948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liana","family":"Anicai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politehnica University of Bucharest, Center of Surface Science and Nanotechnology, Splaiul Independentei nr. 313, Sector 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3712-6729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oana Andreea","family":"Lazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politehnica University of Bucharest, Center of Surface Science and Nanotechnology, Splaiul Independentei nr. 313, Sector 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8815-4650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Rosoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politehnica University of Bucharest, Center of Surface Science and Nanotechnology, Splaiul Independentei nr. 313, Sector 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4676-6568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aida","family":"Pantazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politehnica University of Bucharest, Center of Surface Science and Nanotechnology, Splaiul Independentei nr. 313, Sector 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3259-5729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIQUP, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169\u2013007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8451-8231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marius","family":"Enachescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politehnica University of Bucharest, Center of Surface Science and Nanotechnology, Splaiul Independentei nr. 313, Sector 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8392-9581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos M.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIQUP, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169\u2013007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"A. Fernando","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIQUP, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169\u2013007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1007\/s11663-011-9560-z","article-title":"Diffusion coefficient of tin(II) methanesulfonate in ionic liquid and methane sulfonic acid (MSA) solvent","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. B"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2015.12.081","article-title":"A review of developments in the electrodeposition of tin","volume":"288","author":"Walsh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. 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