{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:29:40Z","timestamp":1776126580221,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":219,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal","award":["2020.04785.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.04785.BD"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal","award":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal","award":["UID\/50006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50006"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["2020.04785.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.04785.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UID\/50006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Colloids and Interfaces"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Melanoma is a type of skin cancer with high lethality and increasing incidence. Current treatments typically involve surgery as the first step, followed by adjuvant treatments, which are necessary in most cases. These adjuvant treatments may include radiotherapy, phototherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and combined therapies. However, patients with melanoma still face great difficulties, such as the inefficiency of therapies and serious side effects, in addition to uncomfortable scars. Most of these problems are related to limitations of antitumor therapies, such as the low bioavailability of drugs, degradation in biological fluids, rapid clearance, difficulty in reaching the tumors, the low capacity for accumulation and infiltration in tumor cells, toxicity to healthy cells, and systemic action. Thus, antitumor therapy for melanoma remains a challenge. In this line, nanotechnology has brought new perspectives and has been the subject of intensive research on the use of nanoparticles (liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, nanogels, and biomimetic nanoparticles, among others) as carriers for the controlled release of drugs and tumor diagnosis. This work outlines the main limitations of current melanoma therapies and explores how nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems can overcome these challenges, highlighting recent research and clinical developments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/colloids9040053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T15:53:37Z","timestamp":1755705217000},"page":"53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Promising Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Melanoma Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Let\u00edcia","family":"Sias-Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech\u2014Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1152-3398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo C.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech\u2014Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9531-4939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc\u00edlia","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech\u2014Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3209-3366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Helena","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech\u2014Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"132","article-title":"Controversies in the diagnosis and treatment of early cutaneous melanoma","volume":"8","author":"Orzan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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