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ISEL"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Colorants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Textile dyes often prove resistant to conventional wastewater treatment processes because of their complex molecular structures. Advanced oxidation methods, such as the Fenton reaction, have thus been recognized as a promising approach for environmental remediation by decomposing these pollutants. This work aimed to study the efficacy of modified zeolites as catalysts in the Fenton reaction for dye degradation, with a particular emphasis on techniques for modifying zeolites and incorporating iron. The zeolite ZSM-5 was selected as the parent structure and underwent desilication and acid treatment procedures. Iron was introduced into the zeolite structure via two distinct methods: ion exchange and mechanochemistry. The modified zeolites with incorporated iron were evaluated in terms of their crystallinity, textural properties, and iron content before being used to degrade methylene blue solutions through the Fenton reaction. The reaction was monitored using UV-Vis spectroscopy, while the experimental outcomes were analyzed using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The research findings indicate that different treatment methods led to varying impacts on the zeolite properties, which in turn influenced the kinetic results. Moreover, it was observed that an enhancement in the degradation process can be achieved through the harmonious balance between a high iron content, increased mesoporosity (to facilitate diffusion), and adequate crystallinity (essential for maintaining structural integrity).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/colorants4010010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T05:54:38Z","timestamp":1741154078000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Zeolite Modification for Optimizing Fenton Reaction in Methylene Blue Dye Degradation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Ana P.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1637-478X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9624-7208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio M.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CQUM, Centro de Qu\u00edmica, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9705-9444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel C.","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CQUM, Centro de Qu\u00edmica, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4499-0379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelson","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fenton Process in Dye Removal","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Muthu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Advanced Oxidation Processes in Dye-Containing Wastewater"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1039\/CT8946500899","article-title":"LXXIII.\u2014Oxidation of Tartaric Acid in Presence of Iron","volume":"65","author":"Fenton","year":"1894","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-021-01185-z","article-title":"Catalytic Activity of Metals in Heterogeneous Fenton-like Oxidation of Wastewater Contaminants: A Review","volume":"19","author":"Hussain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2012.02.026","article-title":"Nanostructured \u03b4-FeOOH: An Efficient Fenton-like Catalyst for the Oxidation of Organics in Water","volume":"119\u2013120","author":"Pinto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19738","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-32287-0","article-title":"Fe-ZSM-5 Zeolite Catalyst for Heterogeneous Fenton Oxidation of 1,4-Dioxane: Effect of Si\/Al Ratios and Contributions of Reactive Oxygen Species","volume":"31","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-019-05030-2","article-title":"Influence of Zeolite Carriers on the Dyes Degradation for Framework Fe-Doped Zeolite Catalysts","volume":"91","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sol.-Gel. Sci. 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