{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T18:07:28Z","timestamp":1764698848961,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["PI86-CI-IPOP-66-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI86-CI-IPOP-66-2019"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE\u2014Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade (POFC)","award":["PI86-CI-IPOP-66-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI86-CI-IPOP-66-2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Compounds"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Distributed throughout the environment are various microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. Although many are part of the human microbiome, many are pathogenic and cause infections ranging from mild to severe. In recent years, the identification of multidrug-resistant microorganisms has become a serious public health problem. The resulting infections call into question the therapeutic capacity of health systems and lead to approximately 70,000 deaths annually worldwide. The progressive resistance to antibiotics and antifungals has been a major challenge for the medical and pharmaceutical community, requiring the search for new compounds with antimicrobial properties. Several studies have demonstrated the potential of natural and synthesized flavonoids, especially the dimers of these molecules. In this review are presented many examples of dimeric flavonoids that have demonstrated antimicrobial activity against viruses, like influenza and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), protozoal infections, such as Leishmaniasis and Malaria, fungal infections by Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, and bacterial infections caused, for example, by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In the pursuit to find potential safe agents for therapy in microbial infections, natural dimeric flavonoids are an option not only for the antimicrobial activity, but also for the low toxicity usually associated with these compounds when compared to classic antimicrobials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/compounds4020011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T10:58:02Z","timestamp":1711105082000},"page":"214-229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Antimicrobial Activity of Dimeric Flavonoids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)\/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC) Raquel Seruca, Rua Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)\/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC) Raquel Seruca, Rua Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3010-8373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)\/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC) Raquel Seruca, Rua Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, GIT-LoSa, University Fernando Pessoa, Pra\u00e7a 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4513-4654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Cerqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)\/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC) Raquel Seruca, Rua Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, GIT-LoSa, University Fernando Pessoa, Pra\u00e7a 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS.UFP@RISE, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Tecnologias e Servi\u00e7os de Sa\u00fade, Rede de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Pra\u00e7a de 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541340","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/541340","article-title":"Multidrug resistance: An emerging crisis","volume":"2014","author":"Tanwar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interdiscip. 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