{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T16:29:51Z","timestamp":1768321791140,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Compounds"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the rheological behavior of cellulose microfiber suspensions derived from kahili ginger stems (Hedychium gardnerianum), an invasive species, in two adhesive matrices: a commercial water-based adhesive (Coplaseal\u00ae) and a casein-based adhesive made from non-food-grade milk, referred to as K and S samples, respectively. Rheological analyses were performed using oscillatory and rotational shear tests conducted at 25 \u00b0C, 50 \u00b0C, and 75 \u00b0C to assess the materials\u2019 viscoelastic properties more comprehensively. Oscillatory tests across a frequency range of 1\u2013100 rad\/s assessed the storage modulus (G\u2032) and loss modulus (G\u2033), while rotational shear tests evaluated apparent viscosity and shear stress across shear rates from 0.1 to 1000 s\u22121. Fiber-free samples consistently showed lower moduli than fiber-containing samples at all frequencies. The incorporation of fibers increased the dynamic moduli in both K and S samples, with a quasi-plateau observed at lower frequencies, suggesting solid-like behavior. This trend was consistent in all tested temperatures. As frequencies increased, the fiber network was disrupted, transitioning the samples to fluid-like behavior, with a marked increase in G\u2032 and G\u2033. This transition was more pronounced in K samples, especially above 10 rad\/s at 25 \u00b0C and 50 \u00b0C, but less evident at 75 \u00b0C. This shift from solid-like to fluid-like behavior reflects the transition from percolation effects at low frequencies to matrix-dominated responses at high frequencies. In contrast, S samples displayed a wider frequency range for the quasi-plateau, with less pronounced moduli changes at higher frequencies. At 75 \u00b0C, the moduli of fiber-containing and fiber-free S samples nearly converged at higher frequencies, indicating similar effects of the fiber and matrix components. Both fiber-reinforced and non-reinforced suspensions exhibited pseudoplastic (shear-thinning) behavior. Fiber-containing samples exhibited higher initial viscosity, with K samples displaying greater differences between fiber-reinforced and non-reinforced systems compared to S samples, where the gap was narrower. Interestingly, S samples exhibited overall higher viscosity than K samples, implying a reduced influence of fibers on the viscosity in the S matrix. This preliminary study highlights the complex interactions between cellulosic fiber networks, adhesive matrices, and rheological conditions. The findings provide a foundation for optimizing the development of sustainable biocomposites, particularly in applications requiring precise tuning of rheological properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/compounds4040042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T08:12:39Z","timestamp":1731399159000},"page":"688-707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Rheology of Cellulosic Microfiber Suspensions Under Oscillatory and Rotational Shear for Biocomposite Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5935-870X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena Cristina","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores (FCT-UAc), 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6034-5866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique","family":"Carr\u00ealo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and CENIMAT\/I3N, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Telmo","family":"Eleut\u00e9rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores (FCT-UAc), 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9356-3045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Gabriela","family":"Meirelles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores (FCT-UAc), 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Marine Research (IMAR), OKEANOS\u2014R&D Centre, University of the Azores, 9900-138 Horta, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5893-0660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Re\u015fit","family":"\u00d6zmente\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vocational School of Health Services, Bitlis Eren University, 13100 Bitlis, T\u00fcrkiye"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Green Azores (IGA), 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6700(98)00018-5","article-title":"Composites reinforced with cellulose based fibres","volume":"24","author":"Bledzki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prog. 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