{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T02:49:17Z","timestamp":1771469357037,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]],"date-time":"2022-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/00066\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00066\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["2020.08462.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.08462.BD"]}]},{"name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior","award":["UIDB\/00066\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00066\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior","award":["2020.08462.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.08462.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Worldwide, many wheelchair users find it difficult to use or acquire a wheelchair that is appropriate for them, either because they do not have the necessary financial support or because they do not have access to trained healthcare professionals (HCPs), but they are essential for the correct provision of assistive products and user training. Consequently, although wheelchairs are designed to promote the well-being of many users, in many cases, they end up being abandoned or do not provide any benefit, with the chance of causing harm and potentially putting people in danger. This article proposes the creation and use of a Digital Twin (DT) of a Power Wheelchair (PWC) to promote the health of wheelchair users, by facilitating and improving the delivery of remote services by HCPs, as well as to include monitoring services to support timely maintenance. Specifically, a DT is a virtual counterpart that is seamlessly linked to a physical asset, both relying on data and information exchange for mirroring each other. Currently, DT is emerging and being applied to different areas as a promising approach to gather insightful data, which are shared between the physical and virtual worlds and facilitate the means to design, monitor, analyze, optimize, predict, and control physical entities. This article gives an overview of the Digital Twin concept, namely its definition, types, and properties, and seeks to synthesize the technologies and tools frequently used to enable Digital Twins; we also explain how a DT can be used in the technical phases of the PWC provision process and propose a conceptual model highlighting the use of an MDD approach benefiting from a Petri net formalism, which is presented to systematize the development of a PWC DT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers11110166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T03:07:23Z","timestamp":1669000043000},"page":"166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Digital Twin in the Provision of Power Wheelchairs Context: Support for Technical Phases and Conceptual Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5796-6653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Lagartinho-Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Technology and Systems, UNINOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0930-7418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Moutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Technology and Systems, UNINOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4299-8270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Technology and Systems, UNINOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization, and World Bank (2021, March 08). World Report on Disability 2011. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/44575."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica (2021, April 06). Censos 2011. Available online: https:\/\/censos.ine.pt\/xportal\/xmain?xpid=CENSOS&xpgid=censos2011_apresentacao."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, March 09). Assistive Technology. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/assistive-technology."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Watanabe, L. (2022, February 19). H.R. 2168 Includes Telehealth Options for CRT Clinicians. Available online: https:\/\/mobilitymgmt.com\/articles\/2021\/03\/29\/hr-2168-telehealth-clinicians.aspx."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-018-1433-8","article-title":"Literature review of Industry 4.0 and related technologies","volume":"31","author":"Oztemel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intell. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2873186","article-title":"Digital Twin in Industry: State-of-the-Art","volume":"15","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108952","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2998358","article-title":"Digital Twin: Enabling Technologies, Challenges and Open Research","volume":"8","author":"Fuller","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1504\/IJPD.2005.006669","article-title":"Product lifecycle management: The new paradigm for enterprises","volume":"2","author":"Grieves","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagg, D.J., Worden, K., Barthorpe, R.J., and Gardner, P. (2020). Digital Twins: State-of-the-art and future directions for modeling and simulation in engineering dynamics applications. ASCE-ASME J. Risk Uncertain. Eng. Syst. Part B Mech. Eng., 6.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4046739"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, M., Fuenmayor, E., Hinchy, E.P., Qiao, Y., Murray, N., and Devine, D. (2021). Digital Twin: Origin to Future. Appl. Syst. Innov., 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/asi4020036"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kahlen, F.J., Flumerfelt, S., and Alves, A. (2017). Digital Twin: Mitigating Unpredictable, Undesirable Emergent Behavior in Complex Systems. Transdisciplinary Perspectives on Complex Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-38756-7"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Shafto, M., Conroy, M., Doyle, R., Glaessgen, E., Kemp, C., LeMoigne, J., and Wang, L. (2022, March 07). DRAFT Modeling, Simulation, Information Technology & Processing Roadmap, Technology Area 11, Available online: https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/pdf\/501321main_TA11-MSITP-DRAFT-Nov2010-A1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154798","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/154798","article-title":"Reengineering Aircraft Structural Life Prediction Using a Digital Twin","volume":"2011","author":"Tuegel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gockel, B.T., Tudor, A.W., Brandyberry, M.D., Penmetsa, R.C., and Tuegel, E.J. (2012, January 23\u201326). Challenges with Structural Life Forecasting Using Realistic Mission Profiles. Proceedings of the 53rd AIAA\/ASME\/ASCE\/AHS\/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2012-1813"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuegel, E. (2012, January 23\u201326). The Airframe Digital Twin: Some Challenges to Realization. Proceedings of the 53rd AIAA\/ASME\/ASCE\/AHS\/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2012-1812"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glaessgen, E., and Stargel, D. (2012, January 23\u201326). The Digital Twin Paradigm for Future NASA and U.S. Air Force Vehicles. Proceedings of the 53rd AIAA\/ASME\/ASCE\/AHS\/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2012-1818"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Psarommatis, F., and May, G. (2022). A literature review and design methodology for Digital Twins in the era of zero defect manufacturing. Int. J. Prod. Res., 1\u201321."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, F., Zhang, M., and Nee, A. (2019). Five-Dimension Digital Twin Modeling and Its Key Technologies. Digital Twin Driven Smart Manufacturing, Elsevier. Chapter 3.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817630-6.00001-1"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2020.2998530","article-title":"Digital Twin in the IoT Context: A Survey on Technical Features, Scenarios, and Architectural Models","volume":"108","author":"Minerva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Aitken, A. (2022, February 19). Industry 4.0: Demystifying Digital Twins. Available online: https:\/\/www.lanner.com\/en-us\/solutions\/digital-twin.html."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Grieves, M. (2021, September 28). The Evolution of the Digital Twin: A Visionary Product Concept Brings Big Changes for the Future. IM+io Best & Next Practices aus Digitalisierung, Available online: https:\/\/www.im-io.de\/worldwide\/the-evolution-of-the-digital-twin\/."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"High Value Manufacturing Catapult Visualization (2022, March 02). Feasibility of an Immersive Digital Twin. Available online: https:\/\/www.amrc.co.uk\/files\/document\/219\/1536919984_HVM_CATAPULT_DIGITAL_TWIN_DL.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2018.08.474","article-title":"Digital Twin in manufacturing: A categorical literature review and classification","volume":"51","author":"Kritzinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167653","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2953499","article-title":"A Survey on Digital Twin: Definitions, Characteristics, Applications, and Design Implications","volume":"7","author":"Barricelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biesinger, F., and Weyrich, M. (2019, January 23\u201326). The Facets of Digital Twins in Production and the Automotive Industry. Proceedings of the 2019 23rd International Conference on Mechatronics Technology (ICMT), Salerno, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMECT.2019.8932101"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirpj.2020.02.002","article-title":"Characterising the Digital Twin: A systematic literature review","volume":"29","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2019.10.001","article-title":"Enabling technologies and tools for Digital Twin","volume":"58","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-019-01512-w","article-title":"A state-of-the-Art Survey of Digital Twin: Techniques, Engineering Product Lifecycle Management and Business Innovation Perspectives","volume":"31","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intell. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, F., Zhang, M., and Nee, A. (2019). Background and Concept of Digital Twin. Digital Twin Driven Smart Manufacturing, Elsevier. Chapter 1.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817630-6.00001-1"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pires, F., Cachada, A., Barbosa, J., Moreira, A.P., and Leit\u00e3o, P. (2019, January 22\u201325). Digital Twin in Industry 4.0: Technologies, Applications and Challenges. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 17th International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), Helsinki, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/INDIN41052.2019.8972134"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mfglet.2013.09.005","article-title":"Recent advances and trends in predictive manufacturing systems in big data environment","volume":"1","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Manuf. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Kagermann, H., Wahlster, W., and Helbig, J. (2022, March 02). Recommendations for Implementing the Strategic Initiative INDUSTRIE 4.0. Available online: https:\/\/www.din.de\/blob\/76902\/e8cac883f42bf28536e7e8165993f1fd\/recommendations-for-implementing-industry-4-0-data.pdf."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Hinduja, H., Kekkar, S., Chourasia, S., and Chakrapani, H.B. (2020). Industry 4.0: Digital Twin and its Industrial Applications. Int. J. Sci. Eng. Technol., 8, Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/343713676_Industry_40_Digital_Twin_and_its_Industrial_Applications."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yablochnikov, E.I., Chukichev, A.V., Timofeeva, O.S., Abyshev, O.A., Abaev, G.E., and Colombo, A.W. (2021). Development of an industrial cyber-physical platform for small series production using Digital Twins. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A., 379.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2020.0370"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pires, F., Ahmad, B., Moreira, A.P., and Leit\u00e3o, P. (2021, January 10\u201312). Digital Twin based What-if Simulation for Energy Management. Proceedings of the 2021 4th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS), Victoria, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPS49255.2021.9468224"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"412","article-title":"A Six-Layer Digital Twin Architecture for a Manufacturing Cell","volume":"Volume 803","author":"Borangiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Service Orientation in Holonic and Multi-Agent Manufacturing. SOHOMA 2018. Studies in Computational Intelligence"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Zhang, A., and Wang, W. (2020). A Framework for an Indoor Safety Management System Based on Digital Twin. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20205771"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2020.06.017","article-title":"Review of Digital Twin about concepts, technologies, and industrial applications","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Watanabe, L. (2022, February 19). Telehealth & Remote Services Are More Than Just a Pandemic Stopgap. Available online: https:\/\/mobilitymgmt.com\/articles\/2021\/02\/17\/editor-note-telehealth-remote-services.aspx."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Armstrong, W., Borg, J., Krizack, M., Lindsley, A., Mines, K., Pearlman, J., Reisinger, K., and Sheldon, S. (2008). Guidelines on the Provision of Manual Wheelchairs in Less Resourced Settings, World Health Organization. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyers, B., Gadeyne, K., Oakes, B.J., Bernaerts, M., Vangheluwe, H., and Denil, J. (2019, January 15\u201320). A Model-Driven Engineering Framework to Support the Functional Safety Process. Proceedings of the 2019 ACM\/IEEE 22nd International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems Companion (MODELS-C), Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/MODELS-C.2019.00094"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleidermacher, D., and Kleidermacher, M. (2012). Secure Embedded Software Development. Embedded Systems Security, Elsevier. Chapter 3.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-386886-2.00003-5"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1109\/5.24143","article-title":"Petri Nets: Properties, Analysis and Applications","volume":"77","author":"Murata","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girault, C., and Valk, R. (2003). Petri Nets for Systems Engineering\u2014A Guide to Modeling, Verification, and Applications, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-05324-9"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David, R., and Alla, H. (2010). Discrete, Continuous, and Hybrid Petri Nets, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-10669-9"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes, L., and Barros, J.P. (2018, January 21\u201323). Refining IOPT Petri Nets class for embedded system controller modeling. Proceedings of the IECON 2018\u201444th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2018.8592921"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1145\/2663340","article-title":"Colored Petri nets: A Graphical Language for Formal Modeling and Validation of Concurrent Systems","volume":"58","author":"Jensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2016.2620101","article-title":"The IOPT-Flow modeling framework applied to Power Electronics controllers","volume":"64","author":"Pereira","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10009-007-0038-x","article-title":"Coloured Petri Nets and CPN Tools for modelling and validation of concurrent systems","volume":"9","author":"Jensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Transf."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, F., Moutinho, F., and Gomes, L. (2014, January 3\u20135). IOPT-Tools\u2014Towards cloud design automation of digital controllers with Petri nets. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Mechatronics and Control (ICMC), Jinzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMC.2014.7232002"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wisniewski, R., Bazydlo, G., Gomes, L., Costa, A., and Wojnakowski, M. (2019, January 14\u201317). Analysis and Design Automation of Cyber-Physical System with Hippo and IOPT-Tools. Proceedings of the IECON 2019\u201445th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2019.8926692"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ch\u00e9nier, F., Bigras, P., and Aissaoui, R. (July, January 29). A new dynamic model of the manual wheelchair for straight and curvilinear propulsion. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, Zurich, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2011.5975357"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conengprac.2010.10.004","article-title":"Adaptive motion control law of a robotic wheelchair","volume":"19","author":"Bastos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Control. Eng. Pract."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Palmqvist, M.I. (2016). Model Predictive Control for Autonomous Driving of a Truck. [Master\u2019s Thesis, KTH Royal Institute of Technology School of Electrical Engineering]. Available online: https:\/\/www.diva-portal.org\/smash\/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A930995&dswid=-6957."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, B., Piao, Q., Zhao, J., and Guo, L. (2016). Integrated chassis control for vehicle rollover prevention with neural network time-to-rollover warning metrics. Adv. Mech. Eng., 8.","DOI":"10.1177\/1687814016632679"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"9821","article-title":"Model Predictive Control of an autonomous wheelchair","volume":"Volume 50","author":"Dochain","year":"2017","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine\u201420th IFAC World Congress"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conengprac.2018.06.020","article-title":"MPC-based control architecture of an autonomous wheelchair for indoor environments","volume":"78","author":"Bardaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Control. Eng. Pract."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (2022, March 14). ISO 7176-6:2018-Wheelchairs-Part 6: Determination of Maximum Speed of Electrically Powered Wheelchairs. Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/70589.html."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"54","article-title":"A Brief Overview of Rule Learning","volume":"Volume 9202","author":"Bassiliades","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rule Technologies: Foundations, Tools, and Applications. RuleML 2015"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Mobility Management (2022, March 18). List of Wheelchairs Companies and Vendors in the Mobility Management Buyer\u2019s Guide. Available online: https:\/\/buyersguide.mobilitymgmt.com\/category\/wheelchairs."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2017.1393111","article-title":"Falls among full-time wheelchair users with spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis: A comparison of characteristics of fallers and circumstances of falls","volume":"41","author":"Sung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"LUCI (2022, March 17). LUCI | Mobility. Available online: https:\/\/luci.com."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Braze Mobility (2022, March 17). Braze Mobility\u2014Blind Spot Sensors for Wheelchairs. Available online: https:\/\/brazemobility.com."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Permobil (2022, March 18). Permobil Connect Fleet Management. Available online: https:\/\/www.permobil.com\/en-us\/products\/power-wheelchairs\/functions\/fleet-management."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Camarinha-Matos, L.M. (2022). Towards Digital Twin in the Context of Power Wheelchairs Provision and Support. Technological Innovation for Digitalization and Virtualization. DoCEIS 2022. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Psarommatis, F., and May, G. (2022). A standardized approach for measuring the performance and flexibility of Digital Twins. Int. J. Prod. Res., 1\u201316."}],"container-title":["Computers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/11\/11\/166\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:21:53Z","timestamp":1760145713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/11\/11\/166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["computers11110166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computers11110166","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-431X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-431X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]]}}}