{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:24:46Z","timestamp":1775197486767,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Telefonica"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007512","name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007512","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study analyzes the determinants of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) use intensity among the Spanish working population, as well as the possible existence of gender gaps in its adoption. To this end, a conceptual model is proposed that incorporates perceived economic and productive usefulness (PEU), perceived social usefulness (PSU), three dimensions of the Technology Readiness Index\u2014technological optimism (OPTI), innovativeness (INNOV), and insecurity (INSEC)\u2014and three sociodemographic variables: entrepreneurial status, gender, and generational cohort. The model is implemented using artificial neural networks (ANNs) endowed with explanatory capability through Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP). The application of SHAP enables the assessment of both the global and local importance of the explanatory variables, as well as the potential existence of gender biases in their contribution to GAI use. The results indicate that the most relevant variables are PEU, generational cohort, and INNOV. Although gender does not rank among the most important variables in terms of global importance, women exhibit lower levels of GAI use, and gender-related differences are also observed in the contribution of several explanatory variables. In particular, substantive effect sizes are observed for PSU, OPTI, INSEC, entrepreneurial status, and membership in Generation Y. By contrast, differences associated with especially relevant variables such as PEU and INNOV, as well as membership in Generation Z, do not exhibit meaningful effect sizes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers15040215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T08:08:34Z","timestamp":1775030914000},"page":"215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Drivers and Barriers to the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence in the Spanish Active Population: Insights from Artificial Neural Network Modeling and Shapley Additive Explanations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9900-4997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Torres-Coronas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Social and Business Research Laboratory, Department of Business Management, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7715-779X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge de","family":"Andr\u00e9s-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social and Business Research Laboratory, Department of Business Management, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Bellissens, 43204 Reus, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1593-7440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orlando Lima","family":"Rua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Organisational and Social Studies (CEOS.PP), Porto School of Accounting and Business (ISCAP), Polytechnic of Porto (P.PORTO), 4465-004 S\u00e3o Mamede de Infesta, Portugal"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Carrasco-Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Economics, Rey Juan Carlos University, P. de los Artilleros, 38, Vic\u00e1lvaro, 28032 Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-03913-6","article-title":"Exploring the multifaceted impacts of artificial intelligence on public organizations, business, and society","volume":"11","author":"Polak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Chatterji, A., Cunningham, T., Deming, D., Hitzig, Z., Ong, C., Shan, C., and Wadman, K. (2026, February 01). How People Use ChatGPT. Available online: https:\/\/cdn.openai.com\/pdf\/a253471f-8260-40c6-a2cc-aa93fe9f142e\/economic-research-chatgpt-usage-paper.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1108\/JEBDE-10-2023-0021","article-title":"Economics of ChatGPT: A labor market view on the occupational impact of artificial intelligence","volume":"3","author":"Zarifhonarvar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Electron. Bus. Digit. Econ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2022.122088","article-title":"Adopting new technology is a distant dream? The risks of implementing Industry 4.0 in emerging economy SMEs","volume":"185","author":"Tamvada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71219","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71219","article-title":"Advantages and limitations of ChatGPT in healthcare: A scoping review","volume":"8","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Portabella, A., Andr\u00e9s-S\u00e1nchez Jde Arias-Oliva, M., and Souto-Romero, M. (2025). Integrating Machine Learning Techniques and the Theory of Planned Behavior to Assess the Drivers of and Barriers to the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence: Evidence in Spain. Algorithms, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/a18070410"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Fraisl, D. (2026, February 07). The Potential of Artificial Intelligence for the SDGs and Official Statistics. PARIS21 Working Paper, Available online: https:\/\/www.paris21.org\/sites\/default\/files\/related_documents\/2024-04\/the-potential-of-ai-for-the-sdgs-and-official-stats_working-paper_0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, J., M\u00fcller, H., Holzinger, A., and Chen, F. (2024). Ethical ChatGPT: Concerns, challenges, and commandments. Electronics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13173417"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alboaneen, D., Alhajri, S., Alhajri, K., Aljalal, M., Alalyani, N., Alsaadan, H., Al Thonayan, Z., and Alyafer, R. (2025). Siyasat: AI-Powered AI Governance Tool to Generate and Improve AI Policies According to Saudi AI Ethics Principles. Computers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/computers14110452"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Centro de Investigaciones Sociol\u00f3gicas (2026, February 07). Inteligencia Artificial. Estudio 3495 2025. Available online: https:\/\/www.cis.es\/documents\/d\/cis\/es3495mar-pdf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","article-title":"The theory of planned behavior","volume":"50","author":"Ajzen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2307\/249008","article-title":"Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology","volume":"13","author":"Davis","year":"1989","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1177\/109467050024001","article-title":"Technology Readiness Index (TRI): A Multiple-Item Scale to Measure Readiness to Embrace New Technologies","volume":"2","author":"Parasuraman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.20177","article-title":"Integrating Technology Readiness into Technology Acceptance: The TRAM Model","volume":"24","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Mark."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1561\/0300000122","article-title":"Digital entrepreneurship: Theoretical foundations, methods, and trends","volume":"20","author":"Fernandes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Found. Trends Entrep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1093\/ser\/mwae004","article-title":"The gender gap in attitudes toward workplace technological change","volume":"22","author":"Borwein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Socioecon. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28776","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-80305-5","article-title":"How Sociodemographic Factors Relate to Trust in Artificial Intelligence Among Students in Poland and the United Kingdom","volume":"14","author":"Kozak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2307\/30036540","article-title":"User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward a Unified View","volume":"27","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2003","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"706","article-title":"An SEM-ANN Approach-Guidelines in Information Systems Research","volume":"65","author":"Leong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Comput. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gbongli, K., Xu, Y., and Amedjonekou, K.M. (2019). Extended technology acceptance model to predict mobile-based money acceptance and sustainability. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11133639"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"2300177","article-title":"Economics students\u2019 behavioural intention and usage of ChatGPT in higher education","volume":"10","author":"Salifu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cogent Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369220","DOI":"10.1080\/23311916.2024.2369220","article-title":"Exploring the influencing factors of blockchain technology adoption in national quality infrastructure: A Dual-Stage structural equation model and artificial neural network approach using TAM-TOE framework","volume":"11","author":"Legesse","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cogent Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2025.107280","article-title":"Adoption of industry-oriented enterprise resource planning systems: A rigorous empirical research in the mining industry leveraging PLS-SEM and artificial neural networks models","volume":"28","author":"Yudhistyra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-021-00503-w","article-title":"Hybrid artificial neural network and structural equation modelling techniques: A survey","volume":"8","author":"Albahri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Complex Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"4765","article-title":"A unified approach to interpreting model predictions","volume":"30","author":"Lundberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Andr\u00e9s-S\u00e1nchez, J., Arias-Oliva, M., Souto-Romero, M., and Llorens-Mar\u00edn, M. (2026). Integrating Machine Learning Techniques and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology to Evaluate Drivers for the Acceptance of Blockchain-Based Loyalty Programmes. Comput. Econ.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10614-025-11270-y"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"igy002","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igy002","article-title":"Factors Predicting Decisions About Technology Adoption Among Older Adults","volume":"1","author":"Berkowsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Innov. Aging"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1080\/09669582.2024.2392837","article-title":"If you want to learn about real behaviour, measure real behaviour","volume":"32","author":"Viglia","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Tour."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-023-00834-7","article-title":"Generative AI","volume":"66","author":"Feuerriegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.6.2.144","article-title":"Understanding Information Technology Usage: A Test of Competing Models","volume":"6","author":"Taylor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Stiglitz, J.E., Sen, A., and Fitoussi, J.-P. (2026, February 07). Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress 2009. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/258260767_Report_of_the_Commission_on_the_Measurement_of_Economic_Performance_and_Social_Progress_CMEPSP."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"United Nations (2026, February 07). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 2015. Available online: https:\/\/sdgs.un.org\/2030agenda."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"United Nations Development Programme (2026, February 07). Human Development Report 2023\/2024. Available online: https:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/system\/files\/documents\/global-report-document\/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Rogers, E.M. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations, Free Press. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/0162243903259190","article-title":"Configuring the User as Everybody: Gender and Design Cultures in Information and Communication Technologies","volume":"29","author":"Oudshoorn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Hum. Values"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2014.995538","article-title":"Digital natives or digital immigrants? The impact of user characteristics on online trust","volume":"31","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Manag. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2307\/41410412","article-title":"Consumer Acceptance and Use of Information Technology: Extending the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology","volume":"36","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souto-Romero, M., Arias-Oliva, M., de Andr\u00e9s-S\u00e1nchez, J., and Llorens-Mar\u00edn, M. (2024). The Relevance of Cognitive and Affective Factors to Explain the Acceptance of Blockchain Use: The Case of Loyalty Programmes. Computers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/computers14010008"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2025.3534088","article-title":"Identifying the Public\u2019s Beliefs about Generative Artificial Intelligence: A Big Data Approach","volume":"72","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2024.123247","article-title":"Factors affecting performance expectancy and intentions to use ChatGPT: Using SmartPLS to advance an information technology acceptance framework","volume":"201","author":"Camilleri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim, F., M\u00fcnscher, J.-C., Daseking, M., and Telle, N.-T. (2025). The technology acceptance model and adopter type analysis in the context of artificial intelligence. Front. Artif. Intell., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2024.1496518"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165797","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3493242","article-title":"Exploring the Acceptance of Technological Innovation Among Employees in the Mining Industry: A Study on Generative Artificial Intelligence","volume":"12","author":"Yudhistyra","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2021.101535","article-title":"A new acceptance model for artificial intelligence with extensions to UTAUT2: An empirical study in three segments of application","volume":"65","author":"Gansser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100132","article-title":"Acceptance of artificial intelligence in teaching science: Science teachers\u2019 perspective","volume":"4","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5142","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2209881","article-title":"To use or not to use ChatGPT in higher education? A study of students\u2019 acceptance and use of technology","volume":"32","author":"Strzelecki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"23","article-title":"Navigating Generative Artificial Intelligence Promises and Perils for Knowledge and Creative Work","volume":"25","author":"Benbya","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1177\/13505076231201445","article-title":"Generative artificial intelligence and academia: Implication for research, teaching and service","volume":"54","author":"Barros","year":"2023","journal-title":"Manag. Learn."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.12688\/openreseurope.20407.1","article-title":"Exploring the role of AI in achieving the SDGs: A systematic review of academic studies on AI in the industry sector","volume":"5","author":"Phatthanachaisuksiri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Res. Eur."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"102642","article-title":"Opinion paper: \u201cSo what if ChatGPT wrote it?\u201d Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy","volume":"71","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"65","article-title":"Set up my smart home as I want","volume":"57","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2024.105498","article-title":"Correspondence: Generative artificial intelligence in healthcare","volume":"189","author":"Daungsupawong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inf."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114858","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3437374","article-title":"ChatGPT\u2019s impact on education and healthcare: Insights, challenges, and ethical consideration","volume":"12","author":"Hamad","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2025.103036","article-title":"Generative AI as a source of information on environmental problems: Understanding its influence on Generation Z","volume":"83","year":"2025","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"INTERPOL Innovation Centre (2026, February 07). ChatGPT: Impacts on Law Enforcement 2023. Available online: https:\/\/worldpolicesummit.com\/chatgpt-impacts-on-law-enforcement\/."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madsen, D.\u00d8., and Toston, D.M. (2025). ChatGPT and Digital Transformation: A Narrative Review of Its Role in Health, Education, and the Economy. Digital, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/digital5030024"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/1094670514539730","article-title":"An Updated and Streamlined Technology Readiness Index: TRI 2.0","volume":"18","author":"Parasuraman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.9.2.204","article-title":"A conceptual and operational definition of personal innovativeness in the domain of information technology","volume":"9","author":"Agarwal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsis.2005.07.003","article-title":"Personal innovativeness, social influences and adoption of wireless Internet services via mobile technology","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Strateg. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chalutz Ben-Gal, H. (2023). Artificial intelligence (AI) acceptance in primary care during the coronavirus pandemic: What is the role of patients\u2019 gender, age and health awareness? A two-phase pilot study. Front. Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.931225"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer19020045","article-title":"Understanding the Adoption Dynamics of ChatGPT among Generation Z: Insights from a Modified UTAUT2 Model","volume":"19","author":"Budimir","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-019-00680-8","article-title":"Technology Readiness: A Meta-Analysis of Conceptualizations of the Construct and Its Impact on Technology Usage","volume":"48","author":"Blut","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acad. Mark. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Tunmibi, S., and Okuonghae, N. (2023). Technological Readiness as Predictor of Artificial Intelligence Technology Adoption among Librarians in Nigeria. Libr. Philos. Pract., 7876."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1903","article-title":"GPT revolution and digital entrepreneurial intentions","volume":"16","author":"Abaddi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Entrep. Emerg. Econ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e148","DOI":"10.1002\/ffo2.148","article-title":"AI-assisted scenario generation for strategic planning","volume":"5","author":"Spaniol","year":"2023","journal-title":"Futures Foresight Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1108\/MD-10-2023-1944","article-title":"Artificial intelligence (AI) and strategic planning process within VUCA environments","volume":"63","author":"Biloslavo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Manag. Decis."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Ponnock, J. (2025). Generative AI for strategic plan development. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"pgae591","article-title":"Gender disparities in the impact of generative artificial intelligence: Evidence from academia","volume":"4","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Otis, N.G., Cranney, K., Delecourt, S., and Koning, R. (2026, February 01). Global Evidence on Gender Gaps and Generative AI. Available online: https:\/\/osf.io\/preprints\/osf\/h6a7c_v1."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Gra\u00f1o Calvete, M. (2026, February 01). La brecha de G\u00e9nero en la era de la Inteligencia Artificial. Available online: https:\/\/marketing.onlinebschool.es\/Prensa\/Informes\/Informe%20OBS%20Brecha%20de%20genero%20en%20la%20era%20IA.pdf."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2024.111814","article-title":"The GenAI Gender Gap","volume":"241","author":"Aldasoro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Econ. Lett."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-023-00269-3","article-title":"The AI generation gap: Are Gen Z students more interested in adopting generative AI such as ChatGPT in teaching and learning than their Gen X and millennial generation teachers?","volume":"10","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Smart Learn. Environ."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica (2026, February 07). Clasificaci\u00f3n Nacional de Ocupaciones 2011 (CNO-11). Available online: https:\/\/www.ine.es\/daco\/daco42\/clasificaciones\/cno11_notas.pdf."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"3","article-title":"Gender and Survey Participation: An Event History Analysis of the Gender Effects of Survey Participation in a Probability-based Multi-wave Panel Study with a Sequential Mixed-mode Design","volume":"16","author":"Becker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods Data Anal."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-017-1832-9","article-title":"On the methodological framework of composite indices: A review of the issues of weighting, aggregation, and robustness","volume":"141","author":"Greco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Nardo, M., Saisana, M., Saltelli, A., and Tarantola, S. (2005). Tools for Composite Indicators Building, Joint Research Centre European Commission."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"290","article-title":"Using self-employment as proxy for entrepreneurship: Some empirical caveats","volume":"17","author":"Bjuggren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Entrep. Small Bus."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1177\/0961463X18783374","article-title":"Glocalising the theory of generations: The case of Spain","volume":"28","author":"Caballero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Time Soc."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Haykin, S. (2009). Neural Networks and Learning Machines, Pearson. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3934\/DSFE.2026003","article-title":"Evaluating explanatory factors of the acceptance of blockchain-based loyalty programs with neural networks","volume":"6","year":"2026","journal-title":"Data Sci. Financ. Econ."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozili, P.K. (2023). The acceptable R-square in empirical modelling for social science research. Social Research Methodology and Publishing Results, Springer.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4128165"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617693393","article-title":"Choosing prediction over explanation in psychology: Lessons from machine learning","volume":"12","author":"Yarkoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"328","article-title":"Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology: A Synthesis and the Road Ahead","volume":"17","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansone, A., Zalite-Supe, Z., and Daniela, L. (2025). Generative Artificial Intelligence as a Catalyst for Change in Higher Education Art Study Programs. Computers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/computers14040154"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.2008.00192.x","article-title":"Technology Acceptance Model 3 and a Research Agenda on Interventions","volume":"39","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Decis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social (2026, February 07). El Empleo Aut\u00f3nomo en Espa\u00f1a. Available online: https:\/\/sepe.es\/dctm\/informes:09019af480268def\/RElTRVdFQg==\/4613-1.pdf."}],"container-title":["Computers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/15\/4\/215\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T04:22:27Z","timestamp":1775190147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/15\/4\/215"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["computers15040215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computers15040215","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-431X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-431X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}}}