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We tested whether elephant gene flow is (i) controlled by slope and (ii) affected by the interplay between barriers and slope. We used 176 unique genotypes obtained non-invasively from fresh elephant dung to assess individual-by-individual genetic distance across the Western Ghats of India, a biodiversity hotspot. To assess landscape distance, 36 resistance models were produced by transforming a slope raster. Core areas and corridors were calculated from the raster that provided the best correlation between the genetic and distance matrices. The influence of the closure of PAs on gene flow was examined for one region, the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. The best resistance raster obtained by transforming the slope occupancy model was better than Euclidean distance for explaining genetic distance, indicating that slope partially controls gene flow. Fencing elephant PAs on hilly terrain reduces core areas and disrupts corridors. Consequently, hard PA boundaries abutting slopes can fragment elephant populations, but this can be ameliorated by protecting the adjacent flatter terrain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/conservation2040046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T11:02:10Z","timestamp":1670238130000},"page":"709-725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Fencing Can Alter Gene Flow of Asian Elephant Populations within Protected Areas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Puyravaud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sigur Nature Trust, Mavinhalla PO, Nilgiris 643223, India"}]},{"given":"Samuel A.","family":"Cushman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA"}]},{"given":"P. Anuradha","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500030, India"}]},{"given":"Durairaj","family":"Boominathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WWF-India, Edayarpalayam, Coimbatore 641025, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9862-9218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reeta","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun 248001, India"}]},{"given":"Neelakantan","family":"Arumugam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India"}]},{"given":"Kanagaraj Muthamizh","family":"Selvan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, New Delhi 110003, India"}]},{"given":"Nagarathinam","family":"Mohanraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WWF-India, Edayarpalayam, Coimbatore 641025, India"}]},{"given":"Sedupathy","family":"Arulmozhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Rahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7015-2224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamanna","family":"Kalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4518-9607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahul","family":"De","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun 248001, India"}]},{"given":"Swati","family":"Udayraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Luis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India"}]},{"given":"Muneer Ul Islam","family":"Najar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India"}]},{"given":"Kothandapani","family":"Raman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indigenous Biodiversity Foundation, Pondicherry 605001, India"}]},{"given":"Bawa Mothilal","family":"Krishnakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India"}]},{"given":"Surendra Prakash","family":"Goyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun 248001, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2463-6743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priya","family":"Davidar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123308","article-title":"Parks and peoples: The social impact of protected areas","volume":"35","author":"West","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. 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