{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T22:37:43Z","timestamp":1778539063511,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04567\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04567\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04567\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04567\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EXPL\/BTM-MAT\/0112\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXPL\/BTM-MAT\/0112\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UI\/BD\/151423\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151423\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cosmetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The outermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum (SC), ensures protection against harmful xenobiotics, and alterations in its lipidic matrix composition are related to several cutaneous dysfunctions. The skin barrier function is usually attributed to ceramides, but the role of free fatty acids, such as stearic acid, has been increasingly acknowledged. This research work aimed to develop solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) based on stearic acid and glyceryl distearate, in order to explore the potential of these materials as the basis of lipid nanoparticles. Different blends of stearic acid, Precirol\u00ae ATO 5, Capryol\u00ae 90 and Tween\u00ae 80 were probed to prepare SLN and NLC. These lipid nanoparticles were further characterised according to particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), pH, and viscosity. Accelerated and long-term stability tests were also performed for 90 days, as well as in vivo assays to evaluate safety and efficacy. Overall, most nanoparticles showed interesting properties for topical application if they had sizes less than 300 nm, PDI below 0.3, pH compatible with skin and viscosity lower than 5 mPa.s. In long-term stability studies, the SLN_2 and NLC_2 formulations stood out, as they remained stable over time. In vivo biocompatibility tests conducted in human volunteers showed no negative impact of the formulations when applied openly or under occlusion. Efficacy studies with the most stable nanoparticles made of Precirol\u00ae ATO 5 showed an increase in skin hydration. The nanoparticles developed in this study have shown potential to be used for cosmetic purposes, and the blend of lipids provided good biocompatibility and moisturising properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics10040099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T00:54:41Z","timestamp":1688604881000},"page":"99","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Exploring Stearic-Acid-Based Nanoparticles for Skin Applications\u2014Focusing on Stability and Cosmetic Benefits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5407-3983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Pereira-Leite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS\u2014Universidade Lus\u00f3fona\u2019s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Bom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences and Technologies, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andria","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences and Technologies, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9101-6184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00edntia","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS\u2014Universidade Lus\u00f3fona\u2019s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Alcal\u00e1, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6429-6213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Rosado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS\u2014Universidade Lus\u00f3fona\u2019s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(05)70005-0","article-title":"Skin Anatomy and Flap Physiology","volume":"34","author":"Gaboriau","year":"2001","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Honari, G., Andersen, R., and Maibach, H.L. (2017). Sensitive Skin Syndrome, CRC Press. 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