{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T09:41:56Z","timestamp":1773049316713,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,21]],"date-time":"2015-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1429574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT - Portugal)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/70945\/2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/70945\/2010"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT - Portugal)","award":["PEst-C\/EQB\/UI0511, NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000025 - RL2_ Environment&Health"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PEst-C\/EQB\/UI0511, NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000025 - RL2_ Environment&Health"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cosmetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Galaxolide is the most used fragrance since the early 1990s, and it has been largely detected in environmental and biological matrices. This polycyclic musk is present in almost all of our daily products, so the risk of human exposure is substantial, as it had been proved by its detection in human tissues and fluids. Due to the lack of information about the concentrations found in consumer products, monitoring data is needed for exposure assessment purposes. Dermal contact, mostly by personal care products, seems to be the major route of human exposure to galaxolide, and, due to the immaturity of young children\u2019s skin, exposure consequences can be worse in this population. The main objective of this study was to evaluate galaxolide levels in personal care products used by children of Oporto (Portugal), aged 0\u20135 years, and relate it with consumer habits. Consumer patterns were obtained through 250 questionnaires to caregivers of Oporto children. The 79 most used products were extracted by a dispersive solid phase extraction methodology known as QuEChERS and galaxolide was determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The concentrations ranged between 0.001 \u00b1 0.001 mg\u00b7kg\u22121, on a baby wipe, and 300.480 \u00b1 8.819 mg\u00b7kg\u22121, on glycerin soap, which may correspond to an estimated daily dermal exposure of 277.10 \u00b1 0.02 \u00b5g\u00b7day\u22121 on the population of Oporto children. This value is in the range of the results observed for adults, although no information of toxicological risk for children is available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics2020093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,22]],"date-time":"2015-04-22T04:41:53Z","timestamp":1429677713000},"page":"93-109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Risk of Children\u2019s Dermal Exposure to Galaxolide through Personal Care Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Correia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Farm\u00e1cia, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade e Ambiente (CISA),  Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade do Porto\/Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto (ESTSP\/IPP),  Rua Valente Perfeito, 322, 4400-330 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"},{"name":"LEPABE \u2014 Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Agostinho","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Farm\u00e1cia, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade e Ambiente (CISA),  Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade do Porto\/Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto (ESTSP\/IPP),  Rua Valente Perfeito, 322, 4400-330 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"L\u00facia","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE \u2014 Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Arminda","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE \u2014 Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2011.03.012","article-title":"A retention time locked gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry method based on stir-bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption for automated determination of synthetic musk fragrances in natural and wastewaters","volume":"1218","author":"Arbulu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"HERA (Human and Environmental Risk Assessment on Ingredients of Household Cleaning Products) Environmental Risk Assessment Polycyclic Musks AHTN (CAS 1506-02-1) and HHCB (CAS 122-05-05). Available online:http:\/\/www.heraproject.com\/RiskAssessment.cfm?subID=29."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2005.10.006","article-title":"A survey of polycyclic musks in selected household commodities from the United States","volume":"62","author":"Reiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.03.014","article-title":"Role of perfumes in pathogenesis of autism","volume":"80","author":"Bagasra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Hypoth."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on Cosmetic Products (recast). Available online:http:\/\/register.consilium.europa.eu\/doc\/srv?l=EN&f=ST%203623%202009%20INIT."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.1106","article-title":"Fragrance: Emerging health and environmental concerns","volume":"17","author":"Bridges","year":"2002","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.01023.x","article-title":"Functional skin adaptation in infancy\u2014Almost complete but not fully competent","volume":"19","author":"Fluhr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2011.01594.x","article-title":"Skin care practices for newborns and infants: Review of the clinical evidence for best practices","volume":"29","author":"Hauser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavender, T., Bedwell, C., O\u2019Brien, E., Cork, M.J., Turner, M., and Hart, A. (2011). Infant skin-cleansing product versus water: A pilot randomized, assessor-blinded controlled trial. BMC Pediatr., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-11-35"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2010.00611.x","article-title":"Infant skin physiology and development during the first years of life: A review of recent findings based on in vivo studies","volume":"33","author":"Stamatas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"85","article-title":"Infant skin and its care","volume":"107","author":"Imai","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cosmet. Toilet."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2009.12.002","article-title":"Higher blood concentrations of synthetic musks in women above fifty years than in younger women","volume":"213","author":"Hutter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2007.05.072","article-title":"Concentrations of synthetic musk compounds in personal care and sanitation products and human exposure profiles through dermal application","volume":"69","author":"Roosens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.08.015","article-title":"Concentrations and assessment of exposure to siloxanes and synthetic musks in personal care products from China","volume":"159","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12043","article-title":"Human dermal exposure to galaxolide from personal care products","volume":"35","author":"Correia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.04.039","article-title":"Synthetic musks in the aquatic environment and personal care products in Shanghai, China","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2009.12.021","article-title":"Enantiomeric separation of chiral polycyclic musks by capillary electrophoresis: Application to the analysis of cosmetic samples","volume":"1217","author":"Crego","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s002160050867","article-title":"Determination of trace amounts of Galaxolide\u00ae (HHCB) by HPLC","volume":"361","author":"Nitschke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fresenius J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica (Statistics Portugal), INE, IP, Censos 2011\u2014XV Recenseamento geral da popula\u00e7\u00e3o, V Recenseamento geral da habita\u00e7\u00e3o\u2014Resultados provis\u00f3rios, Lisboa, Portugal, 2011. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.12424","article-title":"Market trends in baby skin care products and implications for clinical practice","volume":"31","author":"Bonamonte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.2002.1581","article-title":"Consumer exposure to fragrance ingredients: Providing estimates for safety evaluation","volume":"36","author":"Cadby","year":"2002","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bronaugh, R.L., and Maibach, H.I. (2002). Topical Absorption of Dermatological Products, Marcel Dekker, Inc.","DOI":"10.3109\/9780203904015"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bronaugh, R.L., and Maibach, H.I. (2002). Topical Absorption of Dermatological Products, Marcel Dekker, Inc.","DOI":"10.3109\/9780203904015"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(99)00174-5","article-title":"The systemic exposure to the polycyclic musks, AHTN and HHCB, under conditions of use as fragrance ingredients: Evidence of lack of complete absorption from a skin reservoir","volume":"111","author":"Ford","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201100360","article-title":"Estimation of dermal and oral exposure of children to scented toys: Analysis of the migration of fragrance allergens by dynamic headspace GC-MS","volume":"34","author":"Masuck","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."}],"container-title":["Cosmetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9284\/2\/2\/93\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:45:05Z","timestamp":1760215505000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9284\/2\/2\/93"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,21]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["cosmetics2020093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cosmetics2020093","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-9284"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-9284","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,21]]}}}