{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T18:09:18Z","timestamp":1769105358496,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,24]],"date-time":"2017-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LAQV\/UID\/QUI\/50006\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LAQV\/UID\/QUI\/50006\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Opera\u00e7\u00e3o NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Opera\u00e7\u00e3o NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cosmetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Castanea sativa fruit processing generates high amounts of by-products, mostly bur. Currently, the cosmetic industry has a great interest in natural extracts as antioxidant sources. In the present study, C. sativa bur extract was used as the active ingredient, in different amounts, in topical hydrogels. The formulations were characterized regarding total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC, respectively), antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)) and technological and microbiological properties. The same parameters were evaluated after 30 days of storage at 4 \u00b0C (T30\/4 \u00b0C) and 20 \u00b0C (T30\/20 \u00b0C). At time 0 (T0), the TPC ranged between 0.79 and 9.65 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)\/g gel, while TFC varied from 0.05 to 1.23 mg of catechin equivalents (CAE)\/g gel. Antioxidant activity was high for both assays, with values at T0 ranging between 98.41 and 1013.43 \u00b5mol of ferrous sulphate equivalents (FSE)\/g gel and varying between 431.96 and 990.84 \u00b5g of Trolox equivalents (TE)\/g gel for FRAP and DPPH assays, respectively. No formulation exceeded the defined criteria in microbiological counts. All formulations showed similar technological profiles but particular attention should be given to pH. The gel with 50% of extract (F3) was selected as the best one for potential cosmetic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics4040050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,24]],"date-time":"2017-11-24T11:29:33Z","timestamp":1511522973000},"page":"50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Castanea sativa Bur: An Undervalued By-Product but a Promising Cosmetic Ingredient"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Diana","family":"Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE (Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia), Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nair","family":"Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE (Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia), Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8803-0041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE (Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia), Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6767-6596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE (Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia), Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO00571J","article-title":"Promising new applications of Castanea sativa shell: Nutritional composition, antioxidant activity, amino acids and vitamin E profile","volume":"6","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2014.955488","article-title":"Castanea sativa by-products: A review on added value and sustainable application","volume":"29","author":"Braga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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