{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:32:30Z","timestamp":1767832350739,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Crystals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this work was to assess the use of biomass fly ash (BFA) as cement replacement material or as an alkalinity source in high volume fly ash mortar and concrete. Mortar formulations were prepared with different types of cement replacement: fly ash from thermal power plants, BFA, a blend of two pozzolans, and small amounts of BFA or\/and hydrated lime (HL). Mortar formulations were tested both in the fresh and hardened state. The replacement of cement by the two fly ashes led to a decrease in the mechanical strength. The best strength values were obtained when higher HL content was introduced in mortars, however, mortars with the lower BFA content presented the best results for the majority of the tests. In general, BFA has a similar effect on cementitious mortars to coal fly ash, having good performance as cement replacement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst11030233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T06:47:20Z","timestamp":1614322040000},"page":"233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Effect of Biomass Fly Ash on Fresh and Hardened Properties of High Volume Fly Ash Mortars"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1435-0733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabete","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9677-3627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aires","family":"Cam\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CTAC, Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8648-678X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos-P\u00f3lo II da Universidade, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.08.030","article-title":"Renewable energy and biodiversity: Implications for transitioning to a Green Economy","volume":"70","author":"Gasparatos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"UNEP (2011). Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication, UNEP."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.07.031","article-title":"Concretes containing biomass ashes: Mechanical, chemical, and ecotoxic performances","volume":"48","author":"Barbosa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2011.06.011","article-title":"Environmental and socio-economic assessment of co-combustion of coal, biomass and non-hazardous wastes in a Power Plant","volume":"55","author":"Morais","year":"2011","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2007.06.016","article-title":"Comprehensive study of biomass fly ash in concrete: Strength, microscopy, kinetics and durability","volume":"88","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1285(00)00020-4","article-title":"Co-firing of coal and biomass fuel blends","volume":"27","author":"Sami","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-8904(01)00200-X","article-title":"Combustion characteristics of different biomass materials","volume":"44","year":"2003","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2009.10.005","article-title":"A study of energy production from cork residues: Sawdust, sandpaper dust and triturated wood","volume":"35","author":"Mohamad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2011.08.019","article-title":"Study of the influence of the composition of several biomass pellets on the drying process","volume":"35","author":"Ledesma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2015.07.036","article-title":"Characteristics of distinct ash flows in a biomass thermal power plant with bubbling fluidised bed combustor","volume":"90","author":"Tarelho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"European Commission (2000). Commission Decision on the European List of Waste (COM 2000\/532\/EC). Off. J. Eur. Communities, D0532, 1\u201331."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.11.052","article-title":"Reuse of woody biomass fly ash in cement-based materials","volume":"76","author":"Berra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2007.09.005","article-title":"Characterization of fly ash from bio and municipal waste","volume":"32","author":"Lima","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Sarab\u00e8r, A., and Haasnoot, K. (2012). Recycling of Biomass Ashes in The Netherlands, Springer. Ash Utilisation."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16007","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/20130116007","article-title":"Acidic extraction and precipitation of heavy metals from biomass incinerator cyclone fly ash","volume":"1","author":"Lanzerstorfer","year":"2013","journal-title":"E3S Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(98)00249-X","article-title":"Study of pozzolanic properties of wheat straw ash","volume":"29","author":"Biricik","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(98)00172-0","article-title":"The reaction between rice husk ash and Ca(OH)2 solution and the nature of its product","volume":"29","author":"Yu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(02)00998-5","article-title":"Kinetics of the pozzolanic reaction between lime and sugar cane straw ash by electrical conductivity measurement: A kinetic\u2013diffusive model","volume":"33","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2007.05.026","article-title":"Biomass fly ash in concrete: Mixture proportioning and mechanical properties","volume":"87","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1021\/ef050410e","article-title":"Investigation of Ash Deposition Rates for a Suite of Biomass Fuels and Fuel Blends","volume":"20","author":"Lokare","year":"2006","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2006.06.022","article-title":"Influence of particle size on the analytical and chemical properties of two energy crops","volume":"86","author":"Bridgeman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-8524(95)00171-9","article-title":"Compositional changes during storage of large round switchgrass bales","volume":"56","author":"Wiselogel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0961-9534(00)00032-5","article-title":"Miscanthus: European experience with a novel energy crop","volume":"19","author":"Lewandowski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.10.049","article-title":"Impact of forest biomass residues to the energy supply chain on regional air quality","volume":"505","author":"Rafael","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2007.05.027","article-title":"Durability of biomass fly ash concrete: Freezing and thawing and rapid chloride permeability tests","volume":"87","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2005.08.020","article-title":"High temperature elemental losses and mineralogical changes in common biomass ashes","volume":"85","author":"Thy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2008.12.020","article-title":"Evaluation of the improved properties of SBR\/weathered coal modified bitumen containing carbon black","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2006.10.008","article-title":"Ash transformation during co-firing coal and straw","volume":"86","author":"Zheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.07.109","article-title":"Characterisation and use of biomass fly ash in cement-based materials","volume":"172","author":"Rajamma","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0961-9534(00)00051-9","article-title":"Cofiring coal and straw in a 150 MWe power boiler experiences","volume":"19","author":"Overgaard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2011.02.002","article-title":"The implementation of wood waste ash as a partial cement replacement material in the production of structural grade concrete and mortar: An overview","volume":"55","author":"Cheah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.075","article-title":"Use of biomass fly ash for mitigation of alkali-silica reaction of cement mortars","volume":"26","author":"Esteves","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Tarelho, L.A.C., Teixeira, E.R., Silva, D.F.R., Modolo, R.C.E., and Silva, J.J.F. (2012, January 29\u201331). Characteristics, management and applications of ashes from thermochemical conversion of biomass to energy. Proceedings of the World bioenergy 2012, Conference & Exhibition on Biomass for Energy, Jonkopin, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2008.11.005","article-title":"Ultrafine grinding of sugar cane bagasse ash for application as pozzolanic admixture in concrete","volume":"39","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-9465(01)00039-7","article-title":"Ash from timber waste as cement replacement material","volume":"24","author":"Elinwa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Shearer, C.R., Yeboah, N., Kurtis, K.E., and Burns, S.E. (2011). The Early Age Behavior of Biomass Fired and Co-fired Fly Ash in Concrete, World Coal Ash. Available online: http:\/\/www.flyash.info\/2011\/017-Shearer-2011.pdf."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"2009","article-title":"Evaluation of Wood Ash As a Partial Replacement To Cement","volume":"2","author":"Barathan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Eng. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2005.09.011","article-title":"Influence of pozzolan from various by-product materials on mechanical properties of high-strength concrete","volume":"21","author":"Sata","year":"2007","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Coelho, A.M.S.L. (2010). Gest\u00e3o de Cinzas produzidas em centrais de cogera\u00e7\u00e3o operadas com biomassa (Management of ashes produced in biomass co-generation industries). [Master\u2019s Thesis, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro]."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2008.12.018","article-title":"Hydration of coal\u2013biomass fly ash cement","volume":"23","author":"Tkaczewska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0899-1561(2006)18:4(605)","article-title":"Potential of Wood Waste Ash as an Additive in Concrete","volume":"18","author":"Udoeyo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"ASTM C188-95 (2003). Standard Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement, ASTM."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2009.04.013","article-title":"Comparison of the characteristics of bottom ash and fly ash from a medium-size (32 MW) municipal district heating plant incinerating forest residues and peat in a fluidized-bed boiler","volume":"90","author":"Dahl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.06.070","article-title":"Fly and bottom ashes from biomass combustion as cement replacing components in mortars production: Rheological behaviour of the pastes and materials compression strength","volume":"85","author":"Maschio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2012.04.042","article-title":"Properties of fly ash from forest biomass combustion","volume":"114","author":"Ruiz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2005.06.008","article-title":"The characteristics of inorganic elements in ashes from a 1 MW CFB biomass gasification power generation plant","volume":"88","author":"Liao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(97)00291-7","article-title":"Ash formation during fluidized-bed incineration of paper mill waste sludge","volume":"29","author":"Moisio","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3820(97)00061-1","article-title":"The ash formation during co-combustion of wood and sludge in industrial fluidized bed boilers","volume":"54","author":"Valmari","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1021\/ef058013r","article-title":"The Fate of Trace Elements during the Co-Combustion of Wood-Bark with Waste","volume":"20","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2010.02.006","article-title":"Addition of kaolin as potassium sorbent in the combustion of wood fuel\u2014Effects on fly ash properties","volume":"89","author":"Steenari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"63","article-title":"Mortar Testing for Estimating Strength","volume":"21","author":"Daczko","year":"1999","journal-title":"Concr. Int."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Cam\u00f5es, A., Aguiar, J., and Jalali, S. (2005, January 7\u20138). Estimating Compressive Strength of Concrete by Mortar Testing. Proceedings of the INCOS\u201905, International Conference on Concrete for Structures, Coimbra, Portugual. Available online: https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/21562504\/Estimating_compressive_strength_of_concrete_by_mortar_testing."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(1990). Strain-Rate Sensitive Behavior of Cement Paste and Mortar in Compression. ACI Mater. J., 87, 508\u2013516."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"391","article-title":"Relationship between properties of cement mortar with that of concrete mix","volume":"6","author":"Maroof","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proj. Prod. Light. Therm. Insul. Clay Bricks Using Pap."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"55","article-title":"Bet\u00f5es de Elevado Desempenho Com Elevado Volume de Cinzas Volantes","volume":"23","year":"2005","journal-title":"Restor. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2014.05.011","article-title":"Calcined gypsum\u2013lime\u2013metakaolin binders: Design of optimal composition","volume":"52","author":"Keppert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Reis, R., Cam\u00f5es, A., Ribeiro, M., and Malheiro, R. (2014). Matrizes Ciment\u00edceas Com Elevado Volume de Cinzas Volantes e Hidr\u00f3xido de C\u00e1lcio: Estudo da Carbonata\u00e7\u00e3o, LNEC. 5as Jornadas Port. Eng. Estruturas."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"EN1015-2:1998 (1998). Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry\u2014Part 2: Bulk Sampling of Mortars and Preparation of Test Mortars, CEN. Available online: https:\/\/shop.bsigroup.com\/ProductDetail?pid=000000000030151072."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"EN 1015-3, European Standard (1998). Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry\u2014Part 3: Determination of Consistence of Fresh Mortar (by Flow Table), CEN."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"EN 1015-7, European Standard (1998). Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry\u2014Part 7: Determination of Air Content of Fresh Mortar, CEN."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.841.198","article-title":"Evaluation of the Electrical Resistivity, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Mechanical Properties in Portland Cement Pastes Type II","volume":"841","author":"Perez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.04.060","article-title":"Utilization of high volumes of unprocessed lignite-coal fly ash and rice husk ash in self-consolidating concrete","volume":"78","author":"Makul","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"NP EN 12504-4 (2007). Portuguese Standard\u2014Testing Concrete in Structures\u2014Part 4: Determination of ultrasonic pulse velocity, NP."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2013.01.009","article-title":"Freeze\u2013thaw resistance and transport properties of high-volume fly ash roller compacted concrete designed by maximum density method","volume":"37","author":"Ramyar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-1323(76)90009-3","article-title":"Concrete technology","volume":"11","author":"Cusens","year":"1976","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"EN 1015-11, European Standard (1999). Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry\u2014Part 11: Determination of Flexural and Compressive Strength of Hardened Mortar, CEN."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Teixeira, E.R., Cam\u00f5es, A., Branco, F.G., and Tarelho, L. (2016, January 13\u201315). Biomass and coal fly ash as cement replacement on mortar properties. Proceedings of the ICCS16\u2014II International Conference on Concrete Sustainability, Madrid, Spain."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"EN 1015-10, European Standard (1999). Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry\u2014Part 10: Determination of Dry Bulk Density of Hardened Mortar, CEN."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"LNEC E 394_1993 (1993). Determination of the Absorption of Water Immersion, LNEC."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"EN 1015-18, European Standard (2002). Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry\u2014Part 18: Determination of Water Absorption Coefficient due to Capillary Action of Hardened Mortar, CEN."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2015.03.019","article-title":"Biomass fly ash effect on fresh and hardened state properties of cement based materials","volume":"77","author":"Rajamma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.093","article-title":"Mortar formulations with bottom ash from biomass combustion","volume":"45","author":"Modolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.05.009","article-title":"Assessment of high volume replacement fly ash concrete \u2013 Concept of performance index","volume":"39","author":"Kayali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(01)00592-0","article-title":"Mechanical properties and durability of concrete made with high-volume fly ash blended cements using a coarse fly ash","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2005.06.032","article-title":"Hybrid fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete with a high-volume coarse fly ash","volume":"21","author":"Sahmaran","year":"2007","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8846(95)00167-0","article-title":"Characteristics of a thermally activated alumino-silicate pozzolanic material and its use in concrete","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2013.06.043","article-title":"Effect of fly ash replacement level on the shear strength of high-volume fly ash concrete beams","volume":"59","author":"Arezoumandi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.092","article-title":"Fresh and hardened characteristics of self compacting concretes made with combined use of marble powder, limestone filler, and fly ash","volume":"37","author":"Bayram","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Torgal, F.P., and Jalali, S. (2021, February 26). Eco-efficient Construction and Building Materials. Available online: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/book\/9780857097675\/eco-efficient-construction-and-building-materials."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Ferreira, R.M., and Jalali, S. (2006, January 12). Quality control based on electrical resistivity measurements. Proceedings of the ESCS-2006: European Symposium on Service Life and Serviceability of Concrete Structures, Helnsink, Finland."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"(2008). Electrical Resistivity Measurements for Quality Control During Concrete Construction. ACI Mater. J., 105, 541\u2013547."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Rajamma, R. (2011). Incorpora\u00e7\u00e3o de cinzas volantes de biomassa em materiais ciment\u00edceos (Biomass fly ash incorporation in cement based materials). [Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro]."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.08.016","article-title":"Utilization of limestone powder to improve the properties of self-compacting concrete incorporating high volumes of untreated rice husk ash as fine aggregate","volume":"38","author":"Makul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.016","article-title":"Concrete incorporating rice-husk ash without processing","volume":"25","author":"Zerbino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2006.11.008","article-title":"Cement composites with limestone dust and different grades of wood sawdust","volume":"42","author":"Turgut","year":"2007","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2012.07.004","article-title":"Utilization of wood ash in concrete manufacturing","volume":"67","author":"Siddique","year":"2012","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.053","article-title":"Experimental characterization of Portland cement-calcined soldier-ant mound clay cement mortar and concrete","volume":"20","author":"Elinwa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.026","article-title":"Mortar with wood waste ash: Mechanical strength carbonation resistance and ASR expansion","volume":"49","author":"Ramos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2009.01.008","article-title":"Use of palm oil fuel ash as a supplementary cementitious material for producing high-strength concrete","volume":"23","author":"Tangchirapat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2006.06.015","article-title":"Strength and water permeability of concrete containing palm oil fuel ash and rice husk\u2013bark ash","volume":"21","author":"Chindaprasirt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2007.04.005","article-title":"Evaluation of strength at early ages of self-compacting concrete with high volume fly ash","volume":"22","author":"Sukumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.057","article-title":"Investigation on the corrosion resistance of bagasse-rice husk-wood ash blended cement concrete by impressed voltage","volume":"25","author":"Horsakulthai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3130\/jaabe.3.1","article-title":"Effects of the Incorporation of Sawdust Waste Incineration Fly Ash in Cement Pastes and Mortars","volume":"3","author":"Elinwa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Asian Arch. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2009.06.001","article-title":"Properties of fly ash concrete modified with hydrated lime and silica fume","volume":"23","author":"Barbhuiya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.110","article-title":"Experimental study of the porosity and microstructure of self-compacting concrete (SCC) with binary and ternary mixes of fly ash and limestone filler","volume":"86","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."}],"container-title":["Crystals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4352\/11\/3\/233\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:29:07Z","timestamp":1760160547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4352\/11\/3\/233"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["cryst11030233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cryst11030233","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]}}}