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Understanding the role of immune cells in carcinogenesis and tumor progression can help improve targeted therapeutic options, increasing the likelihood of a favorable prognosis. Therefore, this review aims to critically analyze the complex interaction between tumor cells and immune cells, emphasizing the clinical and therapeutic implications. Additionally, we explore advances in immunotherapies, with a focus on immune checkpoint inhibitors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol32030143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T04:28:18Z","timestamp":1740716898000},"page":"143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Breast Cancer and Tumor Microenvironment: The Crucial Role of Immune Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1887-2771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Moura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Coimbra, 3000-076 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1136-6118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Laranjeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Coimbra, 3000-076 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Group of Environmental Genetics of Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-061 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Neurosciences and Cell (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3000-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Caramelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecology Department, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3766-4364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Coimbra, 3000-076 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Group of Environmental Genetics of Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-061 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Laboratoriais, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Coimbra, ESTESC\u2014Coimbra Health School, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009X.2023.2300224","article-title":"The Tumor Microenvironment: Shaping Cancer Progression and Treatment Response","volume":"37","author":"Desai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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