{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T08:22:32Z","timestamp":1774686152901,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,13]],"date-time":"2018-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diversity"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long-distance dispersal is one of the main drivers structuring the distribution of marine biodiversity. This study reports the first occurrence of Macrocystis pyrifera and Durvillaea antarctica rafts on the southwestern warm temperate coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Our results indicate that an extreme meteo-oceanographic event, characterized by a northward, displacement of cold sub-Antarctic oceanic waters driven by an extratropical cyclone, could account for these unusual occurrences. A niche model based on known current distribution and maximum entropy principle (MAXENT), revealed the availability of suitable habitats at lower latitudes, outside their actual distribution edges. The distributional boundaries, mainly driven by temperature and irradiance, suggest the existence of environmental suitability in warm temperate areas, as well as in the Northern Hemisphere off Atlantic and Asian coasts. These theoretical edges and respective environmental drivers agree with the physiological affinities of both species, supporting the hypothesis that these variables act as limiting factors for their occurrences in tropical or warmer areas. Emerging regions can function as refuges and stepping-stones, providing substrate with adequate habitat conditions for recruitment of propagules, allowing eventual colonization. Long dispersal events reinforce the need for an extensive discussion on selective management of natural dispersion, biological invasions, refuge mapping and conservation initiatives in a transnational perspective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/d10010011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,13]],"date-time":"2018-02-13T14:23:48Z","timestamp":1518531828000},"page":"11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Kelps\u2019 Long-Distance Dispersal: Role of Ecological\/Oceanographic Processes and Implications to Marine Forest Conservation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9376-4787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Bernardes Batista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis, SC 88040-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f4nio","family":"Batista Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis, SC 88040-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Franzan Sanches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Oceanogr\u00e1fico, Departamento de Oceanografia Biol\u00f3gica, Pra\u00e7a do Oceanogr\u00e1fico, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, 112 Butant\u00e3, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508120, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2217-3853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Simionatto Polito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Oceanogr\u00e1fico, Departamento de Oceanografia F\u00edsica, Qu\u00edmica e Geol\u00f3gica, Pra\u00e7a do Oceanogr\u00e1fico, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, 172 Butant\u00e3, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508120, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Thiago","family":"Lima Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis, SC 88040-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Velez-Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario Regional del Este (CURE), Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, Intersecci\u00f3n Ruta 9 y Ruta 15, Rocha 27000, Uruguay"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Scarabino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario Regional del Este (CURE), Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, Intersecci\u00f3n Ruta 9 y Ruta 15, Rocha 27000, Uruguay"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Camacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ficologia, Departamento de Bot\u00e2nica, 24 Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; CEP, Florian\u00f3polis, SC 88040-970, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Schmitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ficologia, Departamento de Bot\u00e2nica, 24 Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; CEP, Florian\u00f3polis, SC 88040-970, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n Nacional de Recursos Acu\u00e1ticos (DINARA), Montevideo 11200, Uruguay"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n Nacional de Recursos Acu\u00e1ticos (DINARA), Montevideo 11200, Uruguay"}]},{"given":"Graciela","family":"Fabiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n Nacional de Recursos Acu\u00e1ticos (DINARA), Montevideo 11200, Uruguay"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Rothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Private Bag X2 Rogge Bay 8012, South Africa9. Biological Sciences Department and Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coral Reef Watch, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA"},{"name":"Global Science and Technology, Inc., Greenbelt, MD 20770, USA"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Ojeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Macroalgas Ant\u00e1rticas y Subant\u00e1rticas, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 01855, Chile"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Mansilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Macroalgas Ant\u00e1rticas y Subant\u00e1rticas, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 01855, Chile"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre of Marine Sciences, CIMAR, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6624-4820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Assis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre of Marine Sciences, CIMAR, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1316-658X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ester","family":"Serr\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre of Marine Sciences, CIMAR, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre of Marine Sciences, CIMAR, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Antunes Horta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis, SC 88040-900, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"MacArthur, R.H., and Wilson, E.O. 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