{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T02:35:54Z","timestamp":1773196554394,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":549,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Unit of Information Resources for Research - CSIC","award":["CSIC-OAPSI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSIC-OAPSI"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CTM2017-88080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CTM2017-88080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Funds for Regional Development (FEDER)","award":["CTM2017-88080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CTM2017-88080"]}]},{"name":"Russian Scientific Foundation for Basic Research","award":["RFBR 18-05-00459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFBR 18-05-00459"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT\/MCTES)","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020 - UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020 - UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["2007\/53040-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2007\/53040-9"]}]},{"name":"Spanish MINECO, AEI, Comunidad Aut\u00f3noma de las Islas Baleares, European Social Funds and Ram\u00f3n y Cajal program","award":["RYC-2016-20799"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC-2016-20799"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia - European Science Foundation","award":["SFRH\/BD\/131527\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/131527\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diversity"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phyllodocida is a clade of errantiate annelids characterized by having ventral sensory palps, anterior enlarged cirri, axial muscular proboscis, compound chaetae (if present) with a single ligament, and of lacking dorsolateral folds. Members of most families date back to the Carboniferous, although the earliest fossil was dated from the Devonian. Phyllodocida holds 27 well-established and morphologically homogenous clades ranked as families, gathering more than 4600 currently accepted nominal species. Among them, Syllidae and Polynoidae are the most specious polychaete groups. Species of Phyllodocida are mainly found in the marine benthos, although a few inhabit freshwater, terrestrial and planktonic environments, and occur from intertidal to deep waters in all oceans. In this review, we (1) explore the current knowledge on species diversity trends (based on traditional species concept and molecular data), phylogeny, ecology, and geographic distribution for the whole group, (2) try to identify the main knowledge gaps, and (3) focus on selected families: Alciopidae, Goniadidae, Glyceridae, Iospilidae, Lopadorrhynchidae, Polynoidae, Pontodoridae, Nephtyidae, Sphaerodoridae, Syllidae, Tomopteridae, Typhloscolecidae, and Yndolaciidae. The highest species richness is concentrated in European, North American, and Australian continental shelves (reflecting a strong sampling bias). While most data come from shallow coastal and surface environments most world oceans are clearly under-studied. The overall trends indicate that new descriptions are constantly added through time and that less than 10% of the known species have molecular barcode information available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/d13030131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T11:48:22Z","timestamp":1615981702000},"page":"131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["On the Diversity of Phyllodocida (Annelida: Errantia), with a Focus on Glyceridae, Goniadidae, Nephtyidae, Polynoidae, Sphaerodoridae, Syllidae, and the Holoplanktonic Families"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6350-7384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Estudis Avan\u00e7ats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), 17300 Blanes, Spain"}]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Aguado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Evolution &amp; Biodiversity, Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t, 37073 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda-Ana","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez \u00c1lamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Invertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4707-3496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Temir Alanovich","family":"Britayev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. N. Severtzov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (RAS), 119071 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"B\u00f6ggemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fakult\u00e4t II-Natur- und Sozialwissenschaften Department, University of Vechta, Fach Biologie, Driverstra\u00dfe 22, 49377 Vechta, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5063-7961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Capa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4892-4440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Faulwetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"},{"name":"Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanography, 19013 Anavyssos, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7849-5563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Veronesi","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04263-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Conrad","family":"Helm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Evolution &amp; Biodiversity, Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t, 37073 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6730-3503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica Angelica Varella","family":"Petti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Oceanogr\u00e1fico, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-120, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1689-2985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ascens\u00e3o","family":"Ravara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Departamento de Biologia, Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2228-2673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos A. L.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Campus de Gualtar, Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1962.tb01837.x","article-title":"The polychaete stomodeum and the inter-relationships of the families of Polychaeta","volume":"139","author":"Dales","year":"1962","journal-title":"Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6409.1997.tb00412.x","article-title":"Cladistics and polychaetes","volume":"26","author":"Rouse","year":"1997","journal-title":"Zool. 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