{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T22:51:38Z","timestamp":1773787898326,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]],"date-time":"2021-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DL57\/2016\/CP1442\/CP0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL57\/2016\/CP1442\/CP0005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00295\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00295\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/00295\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00295\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04050\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04050\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European framework programme H2020","award":["641762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["641762"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diversity"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The spatial monitoring of plant diversity in the endangered species-rich grasslands of European mountain pastoral systems is an important step for fairer and more efficient Agri-Environmental policy schemes supporting conservation. This study assessed the underlying support for a spatially explicit monitoring of plant species richness at parcel level (policy making scale) in Southern European mountain grasslands, with statistical models informed by Sentinel-2 satellite and environmental factors. Twenty-four grassland parcels were surveyed for species richness in the Peneda-Ger\u00eas National Park, northern Portugal. Using a multi-model inference approach, three competing hypotheses guided by the species-scaling theoretical framework were established: species\u2013area (P1), species\u2013energy (P2) and species\u2013spectral heterogeneity (P3), each representing a candidate spatial pathway to predict species richness. To evaluate the statistical support of each spatial pathway, generalized linear models were fitted and model selection based on Akaike information criterion (AIC) was conducted. Later, the performance of the most supported spatial pathway(s) was assessed using a leave-one-out cross validation. A model guided by the species\u2013energy hypothesis (P2) was the most parsimonious spatial pathway to monitor plant species richness in mountain grassland parcels (P2, AICc = 137.6, \u2206AIC = 0.0, wi = 0.97). Species\u2013area and species\u2013spectral heterogeneity pathways (P1 and P3) were less statistically supported (\u0394AICc values in the range 5.7\u201310.0). The underlying support of the species\u2013energy spatial pathway was based on Sentinel-2 satellite data, namely on the near-infrared (NIR) green ratio in the spring season (NIR\/Greenspring) and on its ratio of change between spring and summer (NIR\/Greenchange). Both predictor variables related negatively to species richness. Grassland parcels with lower values of near-infrared (NIR) green ratio and lower seasonal amplitude presented higher species richness records. The leave-one-out cross validation indicated a moderate performance of the species\u2013energy spatial pathway in predicting species richness in the grassland parcels covered by the dataset (R2 = 0.44, RMSE = 4.3 species, MAE = 3.5 species). Overall, a species\u2013energy framework based on Sentinel 2 data resulted in a promising spatial pathway for the monitoring of species richness in mountain grassland parcels and for informing decision making on Agri-Environmental policy schemes. The near-infrared (NIR) green ratio and its change in time seems a relevant variable to deliver predictions for plant species richness and further research should be conducted on that.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/d14010008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]],"date-time":"2021-12-24T08:38:46Z","timestamp":1640335126000},"page":"8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Monitoring Plant Diversity to Support Agri-Environmental Schemes: Evaluating Statistical Models Informed by Satellite and Local Factors in Southern European Mountain Pastoral Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9462-5938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio T.","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos Geogr\u00e1ficos (CEG), Laborat\u00f3rio Associado TERRA, Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio (IGOT), Universidade de Lisboa, Rua Edm\u00e9e Marques, 1600-276 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Moruzzi 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Floradata-Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Recursos Naturais, Lda., Rua do Campinho 32, 4000-151 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1841-209X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Carvalho-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3010-3302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Penglais, Aberystwyth SY23 3FL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8299-324X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Science INESC TEC and Geo-Space Sciences Research Centre (CICGE), Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering Technology, Universidade do Porto, Campus da Faculdade de Engenharia, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5070-3562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduarda","family":"Marques da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos Geogr\u00e1ficos (CEG), Laborat\u00f3rio Associado TERRA, Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio (IGOT), Universidade de Lisboa, Rua Edm\u00e9e Marques, 1600-276 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3748-7417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Fava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2021.08.014","article-title":"Biodiversity in European agricultural landscapes: Transformative societal changes needed","volume":"36","author":"Mupepele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. 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