{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T20:01:55Z","timestamp":1770494515703,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["949880"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["949880"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diversity"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Elysia crispata is a sacoglossan sea slug that retains intracellular, functional chloroplasts stolen from their macroalgal food sources. Elysia crispata juveniles start feeding on the algae following metamorphosis, engulfing chloroplasts and turning green. In laboratory-reared animals, we report one juvenile \u201calbino\u201d specimen unable to retain chloroplasts. Within 6 weeks post-metamorphosis, the aposymbiotic sea slug was significantly smaller than its chloroplast-bearing siblings. This evidence highlights that chloroplast acquisition is required for the normal development of E. crispata.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/d14050313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T01:55:51Z","timestamp":1650506151000},"page":"313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Aposymbiotic Specimen of the Photosynthetic Sea Slug Elysia crispata"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Paulo","family":"Cartaxana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ECOMARE\u2014Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECOMARE\u2014Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECOMARE\u2014Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3815-7922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECOMARE\u2014Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4775-8161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECOMARE\u2014Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"900","article-title":"Ascoglossan (=Sacoglossa) molluscs in the Florida Keys: Rare marine invertebrates at special risk","volume":"54","author":"Clark","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vital, X.G., Rey, F., Cartaxana, P., Cruz, S., Domingues, M.R., Calado, R., and Sim\u00f5es, N. (2021). Pigment and fatty acid heterogeneity in the sea slug Elysia crispata is not shaped by habitat depth. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113157"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.046540","article-title":"The making of a photosynthetic animal","volume":"214","author":"Rumpho","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-6-28","article-title":"Functional chloroplasts in metazoan cells: A unique evolutionary strategy in animal life","volume":"6","author":"Grzymbowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Zool."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelletreau, K.N., Weber, A.P.M., Weber, K.L., and Rumpho, M.E. (2014). Lipid accumulation during the establishment of kleptoplasty in Elysia chlorotica. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097477"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.42.2.404","article-title":"Chloroplasts as functional organelles in animal tissues","volume":"42","author":"Trench","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2008.01.020","article-title":"The role of kleptoplasts in the survival rates of Elysia timida (Risso, 1818): (Sacoglossa: Opisthobranchia) during periods of food shortage","volume":"357","author":"Muniain","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. 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Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"397","article-title":"Oxygen production and consumption in the sacoglossan (=ascoglossan) Elysia chlorotica Gould","volume":"28","author":"Gibson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Veliger"}],"container-title":["Diversity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-2818\/14\/5\/313\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:57:10Z","timestamp":1760137030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-2818\/14\/5\/313"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["d14050313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/d14050313","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-2818"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-2818","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]]}}}