{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T14:18:03Z","timestamp":1776953883457,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diversity"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fungal species are not immune to the threats facing animals and plants and are thus also prone to extinction. Yet, until 2015, fungi were nearly absent on the IUCN Red List. Recent efforts to identify fungal species under threat have significantly increased the number of published fungal assessments. The 597 species of fungi published in the 2022-1 IUCN Red List update (21 July 2022) are the basis for the first global review of the extinction risk of fungi and the threats they face. Nearly 50% of the assessed species are threatened, with 10% NT and 9% DD. For regions with a larger number of assessments (i.e., Europe, North America, and South America), subanalyses are provided. Data for lichenized and nonlichenized fungi are also summarized separately. Habitat loss\/degradation followed by climate change, invasive species, and pollution are the primary identified threats. Bias in the data is discussed along with knowledge gaps. Suggested actions to address these gaps are provided along with a discussion of the use of assessments to facilitate on-the-ground conservation efforts. A research agenda for conservation mycology to assist in the assessment process and implementation of effective species\/habitat management is presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/d14090736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T20:52:03Z","timestamp":1662583923000},"page":"736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["What Do the First 597 Global Fungal Red List Assessments Tell Us about the Threat Status of Fungi?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Gregory M.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA"},{"name":"Fungal Conservation Committee, IUCN Species Survival Commission, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland"},{"name":"Mushroom, Bracket and Puffball Specialist Group, IUCN Species Survival Commission, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Kelmer Martins","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIND.Funga\/MICOLAB, Botany Department, Santa Catarina Federal University, Florianopolis 88040-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2214-4972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom W.","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fungal Conservation Committee, IUCN Species Survival Commission, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland"},{"name":"Mushroom, Bracket and Puffball Specialist Group, IUCN Species Survival Commission, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland"},{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Birdwood Avenue, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6152-003X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fungal Conservation Committee, IUCN Species Survival Commission, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Eastern Washington University, 336 Pavilion, Cheney, Washington, DC 99004, USA"},{"name":"Lichen Specialist Group, IUCN Species Survival Commission, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"James R. S.","family":"Westrip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity Assessment & Knowledge Team, Centre for Science and Data, IUCN, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6588-4773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Canteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fungal Conservation Committee, IUCN Species Survival Commission, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland"},{"name":"Global Center for Species Survival, Indianapolis Zoo, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA"},{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE, UK"}]},{"given":"Diogo Henrique","family":"Costa-Rezende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIND.Funga\/MICOLAB, Botany Department, Santa Catarina Federal University, Florianopolis 88040-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de Pos-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Bot\u00e2nica, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3702-8715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisandro Ricardo","family":"Drechsler-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mushroom, Bracket and Puffball Specialist Group, IUCN Species Survival Commission, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland"},{"name":"MIND.Funga\/MICOLAB, Botany Department, Santa Catarina Federal University, Florianopolis 88040-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0539-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A\u00edda M.","family":"Vasco-Palacios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fungal Conservation Committee, IUCN Species Survival Commission, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland"},{"name":"Mushroom, Bracket and Puffball Specialist Group, IUCN Species Survival Commission, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland"},{"name":"Grupo BioMicro y Grupo de Microbiolog\u00eda Ambiental, Escuela de Microbiologia, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia"},{"name":"Cup-Fungi, Truffles and Their Allies Specialist Group, IUCN Species Survival Commission, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland"},{"name":"Grupo de Especialistas de Hongos de Colombia, Asociacion Colombiana de Micologia ASCOLMIC, Bogot\u00e1 111121, Colombia"}]},{"given":"Antony Martyn","family":"Ainsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8142-6665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genivaldo","family":"Alves-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIND.Funga\/MICOLAB, Botany Department, Santa Catarina Federal University, Florianopolis 88040-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Bungartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lichen Specialist Group, IUCN Species Survival Commission, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland"},{"name":"Natural History Collections, 734 W Alameda Dr, Tempe, AZ 85282, USA"},{"name":"Galapagos Plant Specialist Group, IUCN Species Survival Commission, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Chandler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10458-5126, USA"}]},{"given":"Susana C.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fungal Conservation Committee, IUCN Species Survival Commission, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland"},{"name":"Mushroom, Bracket and Puffball Specialist Group, IUCN Species Survival Commission, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland"},{"name":"Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1078-3080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irmgard","family":"Krisai-Greilhuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Wien, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4544-6666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reda","family":"Ir\u0161\u0117nait\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mushroom, Bracket and Puffball Specialist Group, IUCN Species Survival Commission, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland"},{"name":"Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, \u017dali\u0173j\u0173 E\u017eer\u0173 Str. 49, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania"}]},{"given":"John Bjarne","family":"Jordal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Milj\u00f8faglig Utredning, Gunnars veg 10, NO-6630 Tingvol, Norway"}]},{"given":"Thiago","family":"Kosmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIND.Funga\/MICOLAB, Botany Department, Santa Catarina Federal University, Florianopolis 88040-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, 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