{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T16:20:08Z","timestamp":1773246008320,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/BIA-ECO\/28360\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BIA-ECO\/28360\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["30947854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30947854"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"EU ERDF funds within the Portugal 2020 Partnership Agreement and Programa Operacional Regional Lisboa","award":["PTDC\/BIA-ECO\/28360\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BIA-ECO\/28360\/2017"]}]},{"name":"EU ERDF funds within the Portugal 2020 Partnership Agreement and Programa Operacional Regional Lisboa","award":["30947854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30947854"]}]},{"name":"FNRS\/FWO","award":["PTDC\/BIA-ECO\/28360\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BIA-ECO\/28360\/2017"]}]},{"name":"FNRS\/FWO","award":["30947854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30947854"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diversity"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We used a population genomic approach to unravel the population structure, genetic differentiation, and genetic diversity of three widespread wild bee species across the Iberian Peninsula, Andrena agilissima, Andrena flavipes and Lasioglossum malachurum. Our results demonstrated that genetic lineages in the Ebro River valley or near the Pyrenees mountains are different from the rest of Iberia. This relatively congruent pattern across species once more supports the hypothesis of \u201crefugia within refugia\u201d in the Iberian Peninsula. The results for A. flavipes and A. agilissima showed an unexpected pattern of genetic differentiation, with the generalist polylectic A. flavipes having lower levels of genetic diversity (Ho = 0.0807, He = 0.2883) and higher differentiation (FST = 0.5611), while the specialist oligolectic A. agilissima had higher genetic diversity (Ho = 0.2104, He = 0.3282) and lower differentiation values (FST = 0.0957). For L. malachurum, the smallest and the only social species showed the lowest inbreeding coefficient (FIS = 0.1009) and the lowest differentiation level (FST = 0.0663). Overall, our results, suggest that this pattern of population structure and genetic diversity could be explained by the combined role of past climate changes and the life-history traits of the species (i.e., size, sociality and host-plant specialization), supporting the role of the Iberian refugia as a biodiversity hotspot.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/d15060746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T02:02:15Z","timestamp":1686103335000},"page":"746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Genomic Patterns of Iberian Wild Bees Reveal Levels of Diversity, Differentiation and Population Structure, Supporting the \u201cRefugia within Refugia\u201d Hypothesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2333-6493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo de","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"cE3c\u2014Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cE3c\u2014Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sara E.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cE3c\u2014Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7655-979X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa G.","family":"Carvalheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cE3c\u2014Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, GO, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8334-3313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guy","family":"Smagghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences, Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8880-1838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis","family":"Michez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5408-5212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oct\u00e1vio S.","family":"Paulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cE3c\u2014Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2020.108426","article-title":"Scientists\u2019 Warning to Humanity on Insect Extinctions","volume":"242","author":"Cardoso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. 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