{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T07:19:12Z","timestamp":1777101552810,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) and PU","award":["GHTM-UID\/04413\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GHTM-UID\/04413\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) and PU","award":["LA-REAL\u2013LA\/P\/0117\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA-REAL\u2013LA\/P\/0117\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Princeton Environmental Institute (PEI)","award":["GHTM-UID\/04413\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GHTM-UID\/04413\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Princeton Environmental Institute (PEI)","award":["LA-REAL\u2013LA\/P\/0117\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA-REAL\u2013LA\/P\/0117\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["GHTM-UID\/04413\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GHTM-UID\/04413\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["LA-REAL\u2013LA\/P\/0117\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA-REAL\u2013LA\/P\/0117\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diversity"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) is essential to comprehend the impacts of biodiversity changes on ecosystem functioning. This knowledge helps to detect and anticipate significant trends in global biodiversity loss and the homogenization of biota worldwide to prevent them. Species act together with climate, resource availability, and disturbance regimes to modulate ecological processes defining ecosystems\u2019 complexity and their dynamic adaptation to variability. In this article, we revisit the BEF paradigm by addressing current knowledge of how biodiversity connects to ecosystem functioning across scales in the context of complex adaptive systems (CAS). We focus on ecosystem processes that lead to the emergence of the BEF relationship, considering ecosystem functioning as a macroscopic emergent property. Specifically, this work integrates the knowledge of the processes that connect biodiversity to ecosystem functioning. It addresses how biodiversity supports ecosystem multifunctionality across scales, resulting in the persistence of CAS in a rapidly changing world. We present a framework for ecological management considering the BEF relationship within the scope of CAS. The CAS standpoint brings new insights into the BEF field and its relevance for future ecological conservation of the Earth\u2019s life support.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/d15080895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T03:30:02Z","timestamp":1690774202000},"page":"895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Revisiting Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning through the Lens of Complex Adaptive Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4999-0477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra M.","family":"Correia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds F.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Ce3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2005.06.011","article-title":"Using Community Viability Analysis to Identify Fragile Systems and Keystone Species","volume":"20","author":"Ebenman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. 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