{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T01:03:07Z","timestamp":1774314187882,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"MARE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04292\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04292\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"MARE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"MARE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.00854.CEECIND\/CP1601\/CT0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00854.CEECIND\/CP1601\/CT0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"MARE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEEC\/01896\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC\/01896\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Associated Laboratory ARNET","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04292\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04292\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Associated Laboratory ARNET","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Associated Laboratory ARNET","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.00854.CEECIND\/CP1601\/CT0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00854.CEECIND\/CP1601\/CT0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Associated Laboratory ARNET","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEEC\/01896\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC\/01896\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Social Fund and Portuguese Minist\u00e9rio da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04292\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04292\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Social Fund and Portuguese Minist\u00e9rio da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Social Fund and Portuguese Minist\u00e9rio da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.00854.CEECIND\/CP1601\/CT0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00854.CEECIND\/CP1601\/CT0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Social Fund and Portuguese Minist\u00e9rio da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEEC\/01896\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC\/01896\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04292\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04292\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.00854.CEECIND\/CP1601\/CT0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00854.CEECIND\/CP1601\/CT0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEEC\/01896\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC\/01896\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diversity"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Freshwater turtles comprise 81% of all chelonian species despite freshwater systems only occupying 1% of the earth\u2019s surface, and they are commonly exploited as pets and food resources. This contact between humans and turtles may put both sides at risk of disease transmission. Additionally, human impact on ecosystems can cause disease outbreaks in turtle populations. In this review, we focused on disease agents affecting freshwater turtles, intending to contribute to conservation and public health efforts. We analysed 423 articles and noted a post-SARS-COVID-19 peak, with most research originating from Asia, North America, and Europe. Emydidae was the most frequently studied family, and there was also a bias towards adults, live specimens, and native species. Since most of the studied turtles were wild-caught, we recommend that captive turtles should also be thoroughly studied since they can transmit diseases to other turtles and humans. We registered 2104 potential disease-causing agents, with Platyhelminthes dominating within Animalia, while Proteobacteria dominated bacterial agents. Viruses\u2019 representation was low, highlighting gaps in reptile virology. Fungi, Chromista, and Protozoa were also underrepresented, but this is changing with the development of molecular tools. This synthesis serves as a foundation for targeted health assessments, conservation strategies, and future research, essential to mitigate ecosystem and public health threats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/d16030171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T04:19:02Z","timestamp":1709785142000},"page":"171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Comprehensive Review of Disease-Causing Agents in Freshwater Turtles: Implications for Conservation and Public Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Rato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE-Centro de Ci\u00eancias do Mar e do Ambiente, ARNET-Rede de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Aqu\u00e1tica, Departamento de Paisagem, Ambiente e Ordenamento, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8800-3924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Xavier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO-InBIO, Campus Agr\u00e1rio de Vair\u00e3o, Universidade do Porto, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5144-2421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. James","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO-InBIO, Campus Agr\u00e1rio de Vair\u00e3o, Universidade do Porto, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7963-3497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Banha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE-Centro de Ci\u00eancias do Mar e do Ambiente, ARNET-Rede de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Aqu\u00e1tica, Departamento de Paisagem, Ambiente e Ordenamento, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1808-3847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Anast\u00e1cio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE-Centro de Ci\u00eancias do Mar e do Ambiente, ARNET-Rede de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Aqu\u00e1tica, Departamento de Paisagem, Ambiente e Ordenamento, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-007-9244-5","article-title":"Global Diversity of Turtles (Chelonii; Reptilia) in Freshwater","volume":"595","author":"Bour","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Uetz, P., Freed, P., Reyes, F., Aguilar, R., Kudera, J., and Ho\u0161ek, J. (2024, January 11). The Reptile Database. Available online: http:\/\/www.reptile-database.org\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912693","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.912693","article-title":"Serotype Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Freshwater Turtles Sold for Human Consumption in Wet Markets in Hong Kong","volume":"9","author":"Colon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1077","article-title":"Hunting and Trade of Big-Headed Turtles (Platysternon megacephalum Gray 1831) in Two Protected Areas in Northern Vietnam","volume":"14","author":"Hoang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Herpetol. Notes"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2993\/0278-0771-30.1.153","article-title":"Uses and Taboos of Turtles and Tortoises Along Rio Negro, Amazon Basin","volume":"30","author":"Pezzuti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnobiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (2007). Public Health Risks Involved in the Human Consumption of Reptile Meat. EFSA J., 578, 1\u201355.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2007.578"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.07.001","article-title":"Biological Risks Associated with Consumption of Reptile Products","volume":"134","author":"Magnino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12240","article-title":"Global Trade in Exotic Pets 2006-2012: Exotic Pet Trade","volume":"28","author":"Bush","year":"2014","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105513","article-title":"Patterns and Drivers of Aquarium Pet Discharge in the Wild","volume":"106","author":"Banha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2016.09.008","article-title":"Introduced Species, Disease Ecology, and Biodiversity\u2013Disease Relationships","volume":"32","author":"Young","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2207.150685","article-title":"Turtle-Associated Salmonellosis, United States, 2006\u20132014","volume":"22","author":"Bosch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-007-9305-0","article-title":"Reptiles Used in Traditional Folk Medicine: Conservation Implications","volume":"17","author":"Alves","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2744\/CCB-0747.1","article-title":"Unregulated Trade in Turtle Shells for Chinese Traditional Medicine in East and Southeast Asia: The Case of Taiwan","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chelonian Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, R.R., and Rosa, I.M. (2007). Biodiversity, Traditional Medicine and Public Health: Where Do They Meet?. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomedicine, 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-3-14"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s42522-022-00060-3","article-title":"Zootherapy as a Potential Pathway for Zoonotic Spillover: A Mixed-Methods Study of the Use of Animal Products in Medicinal and Cultural Practices in Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Friant","year":"2022","journal-title":"One Health Outlook"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Finlaison, D.S., Frost, M.J., Gestier, S., Gu, X., Hall, J., Jenkins, C., Parrish, K., Read, A.J., and Srivastava, M. (2018). Identification of a Novel Nidovirus as a Potential Cause of Large Scale Mortalities in the Endangered Bellinger River Snapping Turtle (Myuchelys georgesi). PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205209"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filho, W., Ternova, L., Parasnis, S.A., Kovaleva, M., and Nagy, G.J. (2022). Climate Change and Zoonoses: A Review of Concepts, Definitions, and Bibliometrics. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19020893"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13916","article-title":"The Importance of Long-term Studies on Wildlife Diseases and Their Interfaces with Humans and Domestic Animals: A Review","volume":"68","author":"Barroso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2016.10.004","article-title":"Prevalence of Citrobacter Spp. From Pet Turtles and Their Environment","volume":"26","author":"Hossain","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exot. Pet Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-021-02428-x","article-title":"Pet-Turtles: A Potential Source of Human Pathogenic Bacteria","volume":"203","author":"Hossain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marin, C., Mart\u00edn-Maldonado, B., Cerd\u00e0-Cu\u00e9llar, M., Sevilla-Navarro, S., Lorenzo-Rebenaque, L., Montoro-Dasi, L., Manzanares, A., Ayats, T., Menc\u00eda-Guti\u00e9rrez, A., and Jord\u00e1, J. (2022). Antimicrobial Resistant Salmonella in Chelonians: Assessing Its Potential Risk in Zoological Institutions in Spain. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9060264"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.04.014","article-title":"Zoonotic Parasites of Reptiles: A Crawling Threat","volume":"36","author":"Modry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.01.007","article-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife: A Critical Perspective","volume":"31","author":"Tompkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9662","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1422741112","article-title":"Global Trends in Infectious Diseases at the Wildlife\u2013Livestock Interface","volume":"112","author":"Wiethoelter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e06491","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.06491","article-title":"Species out of Sight: Elucidating the Determinants of Research Effort in Global Reptiles","volume":"2023","author":"Guedes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11646\/megataxa.7.1.1","article-title":"A Review of Chelonian Type Specimens (Order Testudines)","volume":"7","author":"Iverson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Megataxa"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francis, R.A. (2012). A Handbook of Global Freshwater Invasive Species, Earthscan.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203127230"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gherardi, F. (2007). Biological Invaders in Inland Waters: Profiles, Distribution, and Threats, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-6029-8"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraus, F. (2009). Alien Reptiles and Amphibians: A Scientific Compendium and Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-8946-6"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3391\/ai.2015.10.1.08","article-title":"Parasite Host-Switching from the Invasive American Red-Eared Slider, Trachemys scripta elegans, to the Native Mediterranean Pond Turtle, Mauremys leprosa, in Natural Environments","volume":"10","author":"Meyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquat. Invasions"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1163\/15685381-17000159","article-title":"A Review of the Helminths Co-Introduced with Trachemys scripta elegans\u2014A Threat to European Native Turtle Health","volume":"39","author":"Tomczuk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Amphib.-Reptil."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-017-1331-y","article-title":"Introduction and Invasion of the Red-Eared Slider and Its Parasites in Freshwater Ecosystems of Southern Europe: Risk Assessment for the European Pond Turtle in Wild Environments","volume":"26","author":"Sadaoui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182011000333","article-title":"Invasive Species Threat: Parasite Phylogenetics Reveals Patterns and Processes of Host-Switching between Non-Native and Native Captive Freshwater Turtles","volume":"138","author":"Verneau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1080\/09640560600747547","article-title":"European Nature Conservation Legislation and Spatial Planning: For Better or for Worse?","volume":"49","author":"Beunen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Environ. Plan. Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12948","DOI":"10.1111\/conl.12948","article-title":"European Habitats Directive Has Fostered Monitoring but Not Prevented Species Declines","volume":"16","author":"Engelhardt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Conserv. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-010-0141-5","article-title":"Native or Not? Tracing the Origin of Wild-Caught and Captive Freshwater Turtles in a Threatened and Widely Distributed Species (Emys orbicularis)","volume":"12","author":"Wink","year":"2011","journal-title":"Conserv. Genet."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00014","article-title":"The One Health Concept: 10 Years Old and a Long Road Ahead","volume":"5","author":"Mavingui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819887","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.819887","article-title":"Intestinal Protists in Captive Non-Human Primates and Their Handlers in Six European Zoological Gardens. Molecular Evidence of Zoonotic Transmission","volume":"8","author":"Marquet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thakur, R., Sharma, R., Aulakh, R.S., Gill, J.P.S., and Singh, B.B. (2022). Seroprevalence and Risk Factor Investigation for the Exposure of Toxoplasma Gondii among Veterinary Personnel in Punjab, India. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 80.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101739"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2020.01.016","article-title":"High Prevalence of Subclinical Frog Virus 3 Infection in Freshwater Turtles of Ontario, Canada","volume":"543","author":"Carstairs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ossiboff, R.J., Raphael, B.L., Ammazzalorso, A.D., Seimon, T.A., Newton, A.L., Chang, T.Y., Zarate, B., Whitlock, A.L., and McAloose, D. (2015). Three Novel Herpesviruses of Endangered Clemmys and Glyptemys Turtles. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122901"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2001.00336.x","article-title":"Putting Theory into Practice: Wildlife Health in Conservation","volume":"15","author":"Deem","year":"2008","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.3402\/ijch.v64i5.18028","article-title":"The Potential Impact of Climate Change on Infectious Diseases of Arctic Fauna","volume":"64","author":"Bradley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Circumpolar Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01346","article-title":"Introduced Species and Their Missing Parasites","volume":"421","author":"Torchin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rhodin, A.G.J., Stanford, C.B., Dijk, P.P.V., Eisemberg, C., Luiselli, L., Mittermeier, R.A., Hudson, R., Horne, B.D., Goode, E.V., and Kuchling, G. (2018). Global Conservation Status of Turtles and Tortoises (Order Testudines). Chelonian Conserv. Biol., 17.","DOI":"10.2744\/CCB-1348.1"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2021.11.003","article-title":"The Invasive Alien Red-Eared Slider Turtle, Trachemys scripta, as a Carrier of STEF-Disease Pathogens","volume":"126","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fungal Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smyth, C.W., Sarmiento-Ram\u00edrez, J.M., Short, D.P.G., Di\u00e9guez-Uribeondo, J., O\u2019Donnell, K., and Geiser, D.M. (2019). Unraveling the Ecology and Epidemiology of an Emerging Fungal Disease, Sea Turtle Egg Fusariosis (STEF). PLOS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007682"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3282","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14596","article-title":"Transcending Sea Turtles: First Report of Hatching Failure in Eggs of an Amazonian Freshwater Turtle with Symptoms of the Fungal Emerging Disease Fusariosis","volume":"69","author":"Carranco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"490","article-title":"An Assssment Of Two Methods For Sampling River Turtle Assemblages","volume":"5","author":"Sterrett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Herpetol. Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"802","article-title":"Unreliable Population Inferences from Common Trapping Practices for Freshwater Turtles","volume":"3","author":"Tesche","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13160","article-title":"On the Relationship between Body Condition and Parasite Infection in Wildlife: A Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Becker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foufopoulos, J., Wobeser, G.A., and McCallum, H. (2022). Infectious Disease Ecology and Conservation, Oxford University Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199583508.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlson, C.J., Dallas, T.A., Alexander, L.W., Phelan, A.L., and Phillips, A.J. (2020). What Would It Take to Describe the Global Diversity of Parasites?. Proc. R Soc. B Biol. Sci., 287.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.1841"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2023.04.010","article-title":"Biases in Parasite Biodiversity Research: Why Some Helminth Species Attract More Research than Others","volume":"21","author":"Poulin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1086\/393500","article-title":"The Diversity of Parasites","volume":"75","author":"Poulin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-007-9005-5","article-title":"Global Diversity of Nematodes (Nematoda) in Freshwater","volume":"595","author":"Abebe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.12057","article-title":"Top 10 Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Molecular Plant Pathology: Top 10 Plant-Parasitic Nematodes","volume":"14","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3137-5","article-title":"The Population Genetics of Parasitic Nematodes of Wild Animals","volume":"11","author":"Cole","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0021-8790.2004.00799.x","article-title":"Life History and Fitness Consequences of Ectoparasites","volume":"73","author":"Fitze","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.5818\/1529-9651.13.4.5","article-title":"Parasites in the Diamondback Terrapin, Malaclemys terrapin: A Review","volume":"13","author":"Werner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Herpetol. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101585","article-title":"Molecular Detection of Vector-Borne Agents in Ectoparasites and Reptiles from Brazil","volume":"12","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3286-1","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi (Sensu Lato) in Ectoparasites and Reptiles in Southern Italy","volume":"12","author":"Colella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2001)087[1217:TOHBFP]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Transmission of Haemogregarina balli From Painted Turtles to Snapping Turtles Through the Leech Placobdella Ornata","volume":"87","author":"Siddall","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verneau, O., Melliti, S., Kimdil, L., El Mouden, E.H., Achouri, M.S., and Rouag, R. (2023). Molecular Phylogenies of Leeches and Haemoparasites Infecting Freshwater Turtles in Aquatic Ecosystems of Northern Africa Suggest Phylogenetic Congruence between Placobdella costata Sensu Lato and Haemogregarina stepanowi Sensu Lato. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11061584"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chlebicz, A., and \u015ali\u017cewska, K. (2018). Campylobacteriosis, Salmonellosis, Yersiniosis, and Listeriosis as Zoonotic Foodborne Diseases: A Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15050863"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.5625\/lar.2016.32.3.166","article-title":"Prevalence of Salmonella Spp. in Pet Turtles and Their Environment","volume":"32","author":"Back","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156324","article-title":"Perturbation of the Gut Microbiome in Wild-Caught Freshwater Turtles (Emydura macquarii macquarii) Exposed to Elevated PFAS Levels","volume":"838","author":"Beale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parks, M., Kedy, C., and Skalla, C. (2020). Consistent Patterns in 16S and 18S Microbial Diversity from the Shells of the Common and Widespread Red-Eared Slider Turtle (Trachemys scripta). PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244489"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-015-0618-3","article-title":"Reptiles as Reservoirs of Bacterial Infections: Real Threat or Methodological Bias?","volume":"70","author":"Zancolli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/s43705-022-00180-x","article-title":"Revealing the Uncharacterised Diversity of Amphibian and Reptile Viruses","volume":"2","author":"Harding","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISME Commun."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07405-3","article-title":"Phylogenetic Analysis of Chelonian Hemogregarines Reveals Shared Species among the Amazonian Freshwater Turtle Podocnemis Spp. and Provides a Description of Two New Species of Haemogregarina","volume":"121","author":"Correa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s11230-021-09995-z","article-title":"Characterization and Identification of Haemogregarine Hemoparasites (Apicomplexa: Adeleina: Hepatozoidae) in Natural Populations of Mauremys leprosa leprosa and M. leprosa saharica from Morocco","volume":"98","author":"Laghzaoui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2019.08.006","article-title":"Diseases of the Reptile Renal System","volume":"23","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Veterinary Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2010.10.007","article-title":"Urinary Tract Diseases of Reptiles","volume":"19","author":"Reavill","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exot. Pet Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dezzutto, D., Barbero, R., Canale, G., Acutis, P., Biolatti, C., Dogliero, A., Mitzy, M., Francone, P., Colzani, A., and Bergagna, S. (2017). Detection of Leptospira Spp. in Water Turtle (Trachemys scripta) Living in Ponds of Urban Parks. Vet. Sci., 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci4040051"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.08.019","article-title":"Detection of Leptospira Spp. in Wild Phrynops geoffroanus (Geoffroy\u2019s Side-Necked Turtle) in Urban Environment","volume":"164","author":"Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Trop."}],"container-title":["Diversity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-2818\/16\/3\/171\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:10:16Z","timestamp":1760105416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-2818\/16\/3\/171"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["d16030171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/d16030171","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-2818"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-2818","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]}}}