{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T21:11:19Z","timestamp":1773781879831,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diversity"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iran is a country characterized by high biodiversity and complex biogeographic patterns. Its diverse landscape and steep climatic gradients have resulted in significant faunal diversity and high level of endemism. To better understand these patterns, we investigated the historical environmental drivers that have shaped Iran\u2019s current geological and climatological conditions, and, consequently, have shaped the current zoological distribution patterns. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the country\u2019s zoological diversity and zoogeography by reviewing published studies on its fauna. We analyzed nearly all available catalogs, updated checklists, and relevant publications, and synthesized them to present a comprehensive overview of Iran\u2019s biodiversity. Our review reports approximately 37,500 animal species for Iran. We also demonstrated that the country serves as a biogeographic transition zone among three zoogeographical realms: the Palearctic, Oriental, and Saharo-Arabian, where distinct faunal elements intersect. This biogeographic complexity has made it challenging to delineate clear zoogeographical zones, leading to varying classifications depending on the taxon. The uplift of mountain ranges, in particular, has played a crucial role in shaping faunal diversity by serving as barriers, corridors, and glacial refugia. These mountains are largely the result of orogeny and plate collisions during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras, coupled with the development of the Tethyan Sea and the uplift of several ranges during the Miocene. Despite these insights, our understanding of biodiversity distribution in Iran remains incomplete, even for some well-studied taxa, such as certain vertebrate families and arthropods. We highlight the existing gaps in knowledge regarding zoogeographical patterns and propose approaches to address these gaps, particularly concerning less-studied species and the highly diverse group of insects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/d16100621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T04:29:26Z","timestamp":1728361766000},"page":"621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Patterns of Zoological Diversity in Iran\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9933-6713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sajad","family":"Noori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1-3, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany"},{"name":"Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum der Natur, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences (MIN), University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6274-6973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Zahiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Staatliches Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Erbprinzenstra\u00dfe 13, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3258-8561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gholam Hosein","family":"Yusefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, University of Porto, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6661-799X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Rajabizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman 76315, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8010-4157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Hawlitschek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5199-762X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehsan","family":"Rakhshani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol 98615, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5536-6681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Husemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Staatliches Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Erbprinzenstra\u00dfe 13, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3940-3734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Rajaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1-3, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zachos, E., and Habel, J.C. 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