{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:37:31Z","timestamp":1760146651278,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundo Ambiental","award":["UIDB\/04326\/2020","UIDP\/04326\/2020","LA\/P\/0101\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04326\/2020","UIDP\/04326\/2020","LA\/P\/0101\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04326\/2020","UIDP\/04326\/2020","LA\/P\/0101\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04326\/2020","UIDP\/04326\/2020","LA\/P\/0101\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diversity"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This experiment aimed to determine the temperature limits beyond which seahorse growth and reproduction become suboptimal due to climate change. Four temperatures (16, 20, 24, and 28 \u00b0C) were tested to evaluate their effect on juvenile (1\u201356 days post-parturition (DPP)) and adult (one year old) long-snout seahorses, Hippocampus guttulatus. Additionally, the reproductive performance of adults was observed. Another experiment measured oxygen consumption (MO2) in the same age groups and temperatures. Adults showed significantly higher growth rates at 20 and 24 \u00b0C compared to 16 and 28 \u00b0C. Adult mortality rates were 0%, 0%, 6.2%, and 62.5% at the respective temperatures. Juvenile growth performance was higher at 20 \u00b0C and 24 \u00b0C but significantly lower at 16 \u00b0C and null at 28 \u00b0C, with survival rates of 8%, 62%, 10%, and 0%, respectively. Oxygen consumption increased with temperature, ranging from 106.3 \u00b1 3.1 to 203.3 \u00b1 3.1 \u03bcmol O2\/g BW\/h at 16 \u00b0C, and from 127.6 \u00b1 3.5 to 273.3 \u00b1 3.1 \u03bcmol O2\/g BW\/h at 28 \u00b0C for adults and 1 DPP juveniles, respectively. The study highlights that juvenile and adult H. guttulatus have narrow thermal boundaries, beyond which reproduction, growth, and survival are seriously affected. Under climate change, the species appears unable to cope, potentially leading to their rapid disappearance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/d16120719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T09:59:34Z","timestamp":1732528774000},"page":"719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Temperature Effects on Growth Performance, Fecundity and Survival of Hippocampus\u00a0guttulatus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5790-3433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Palma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of the Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1846-1174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seahorse, Pipefish, and Seadragon Specialist Group, IUCN Species Survival Commission, 1196 Gland, Switzerland"},{"name":"Project Seahorse, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4983-9782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Leit\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of the Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5482-9776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Pedro","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of the Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-1112.2004.00429.x","article-title":"Life history and ecology of seahorses: Implications for conservation and management","volume":"65","author":"Foster","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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