{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T15:40:10Z","timestamp":1771688410793,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":232,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UI\/00772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/00772"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UI\/00772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/00772"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diversity"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria poses a significant global health challenge, with ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) playing a major role in multidrug-resistant infections. While traditionally associated with hospital settings, these bacteria have increasingly been detected in wildlife, suggesting a complex web of transmission between human, animal, and environmental reservoirs. Wildlife may act as both sentinels and reservoirs for resistant pathogens, contributing to their persistence and dissemination across ecosystems. This review explores the presence of ESKAPE bacteria in wild animals, examining their clonal lineages, resistance profiles, and virulence traits. Understanding how these pathogens circulate in natural environments is crucial for designing effective strategies to mitigate antimicrobial resistance. By adopting a One Health perspective\u2014integrating human, animal, and environmental health\u2014efforts to control ESKAPE bacteria can extend beyond clinical interventions to broader ecological and public health frameworks. Addressing this issue requires comprehensive surveillance, responsible antibiotic use, and policies aimed at reducing environmental contamination, ultimately safeguarding both biodiversity and global health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/d17040220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T10:10:08Z","timestamp":1742551808000},"page":"220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Caught in the ESKAPE: Wildlife as Key Players in the Ecology of Resistant Pathogens in a One Health Context"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9406-8433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7299-0029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2077-6231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Cani\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1963-441X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Eduardo","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CECAV\u2014Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6365-0735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilberto","family":"Igrejas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0925-689X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Poeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CECAV\u2014Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panda, S.K., Buroni, S., Swain, S.S., Bonacorsi, A., da Fonseca Amorim, E.A., Kulshrestha, M., Da Silva, L.C.N., and Tiwari, V. (2022). Recent advances to combat ESKAPE pathogens with special reference to essential oils. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1029098"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelly, J.B., Nolan, A.C., and Zeden, M.S. (2024). How can we escape the ESKAPEs: Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and what lies ahead?. PLoS Pathog., 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012270"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkateswaran, P., Vasudevan, S., David, H., Shaktivel, A., Shanmugam, K., Neelakantan, P., and Solomon, A.P. (2023). Revisiting ESKAPE Pathogens: Virulence, resistance, and combating strategies focusing on quorum sensing. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1159798"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"WHO World Health Organization (2017). Global Priority List of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria to Guide Research, Discovery, and Development of New Antibiotics, WHO."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguilar-Salazar, A., Mart\u00ednez-V\u00e1zquez, A.V., Aguilera-Arreola, G., de Jesus de Luna-Santillana, E., Cruz-Hern\u00e1ndez, M.A., Escobedo-Bonilla, C.M., Lara-Ram\u00edrez, E., S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1nchez, M., Guerrero, A., and Rivera, G. (2023). Prevalence of ESKAPE Bacteria in Surface Water and Wastewater Sources: Multidrug Resistance and Molecular Characterization, an Updated Review. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15183200"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khasapane, N.G., Nkhebenyane, S.J., Lekota, K., Thekisoe, O., and Ramatla, T. (2024). \u201cOne Health\u201d Perspective on Prevalence of ESKAPE Pathogens in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13090787"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, Y., Zhang, M., Tsang, D.C.W., Geng, N., Lu, D., Zhu, L., Igalavithana, A.D., Dissanayake, P.D., Rinklebe, J., and Yang, X. (2020). Recent advances in control technologies for non-point source pollution with nitrogen and phosphorous from agricultural runoff: Current practices and future prospects. Appl. Biol. Chem., 63.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13765-020-0493-6"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-024-02146-5","article-title":"Antibiotic residue contamination in the aquatic environment, sources and associated potential health risks","volume":"46","author":"Akhter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bereanu, A.-S., Bereanu, R., Mohor, C., Vintil\u0103, B.I., Codru, I.R., Olteanu, C., and Sava, M. (2024). Prevalence of Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance of ESKAPE Group Bacteria Isolated from Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of a County Emergency Hospital in Romania. Antibiotics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13050400"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"8190","article-title":"Escaping from ESKAPE. Clinical significance and antibiotic resistance mechanisms in acinetobacter baumannii: A review","volume":"11","author":"Vrancianu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Busi, S., and Prasad, R. (2024). Mechanistic Understanding of Antibiotic Resistance in ESKAPE Pathogens. ESKAPE Pathogens: Detection, Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-8799-3"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, A., Aggarwal, A., and Khan, F. (2024). Medical Device-Associated Infections Caused by Biofilm-Forming Microbial Pathogens and Controlling Strategies. Antibiotics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13070623"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artini, M., Papa, R., Vrenna, G., Trecca, M., Paris, I., D\u2019Angelo, C., Tutino, M.L., Parrilli, E., and Selan, L. (2023). Antarctic marine bacteria as a source of anti-biofilm molecules to combat ESKAPE pathogens. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12101556"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3390\/bacteria3020006","article-title":"ESKAPE: Navigating the Global Battlefield for Antimicrobial Resistance and Defense in Hospitals","volume":"3","author":"Ravi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bacteria"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01054-w","article-title":"ESKAPE pathogens: Antimicrobial resistance, epidemiology, clinical impact and therapeutics","volume":"22","author":"Miller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russo, T.P., Minichino, A., Gargiulo, A., Varriale, L., Borrelli, L., Pace, A., Santaniello, A., Pompameo, M., Fioretti, A., and Dipineto, L. (2022). Prevalence and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance among ESKAPE bacteria and Enterobacterales strains in wild birds. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11121825"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulani, M.S., Kamble, E.E., Kumkar, S.N., Tawre, M.S., and Pardesi, K.R. (2019). Emerging Strategies to Combat ESKAPE Pathogens in the Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: A Review. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00539"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia, S., Silva, V., Garc\u00eda-D\u00edez, J., Teixeira, P., Pimenta, K., Pereira, J.E., Oliveira, S., Rocha, J., Manaia, C.M., and Igrejas, G. (2019). One Health Approach Reveals the Absence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Autochthonous Cattle and Their Environments. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02735"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, V., Correia, E., Pereira, J.E., Gonz\u00e1lez-Machado, C., Capita, R., Alonso-Calleja, C., Igrejas, G., and Poeta, P. (2022). Biofilm Formation of Staphylococcus aureus from Pets, Livestock, and Wild Animals: Relationship with Clonal Lineages and Antimicrobial Resistance. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060772"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, V., Ribeiro, J., Teixeira, P., Pinto, P., Vieira-Pinto, M., Poeta, P., Cani\u00e7a, M., and Igrejas, G. (2024). Genetic Complexity of CC5 Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Associated with Sternal Bursitis in Chickens: Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence, Plasmids, and Biofilm Formation. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13060519"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waryah, C.B., Gogoi-Tiwari, J., Wells, K., Eto, K.Y., Masoumi, E., Costantino, P., Kotiw, M., and Mukkur, T. (2016). Diversity of Virulence Factors Associated with West Australian Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Isolates of Human Origin. Biomed Res. Int., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8651918"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0039-2018","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus secreted toxins and extracellular enzymes","volume":"7","author":"Tam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2007.00086.x","article-title":"Evolution and pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus: Lessons learned from genotyping and comparative genomics","volume":"32","author":"Feng","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"80","article-title":"Hemolysins of Staphylococcus aureus\u2014An update on their biology, role in pathogenesis and as targets for anti-virulence therapy","volume":"9","author":"Divyakolu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, C., Neoh, H.M., and Nathan, S. (2016). Targeting Staphylococcus aureus toxins: A potential form of anti-virulence therapy. Toxins, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8030072"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sedarat, Z., and Taylor-Robinson, A.W. (2022). Biofilm formation by pathogenic bacteria: Applying a Staphylococcus aureus model to appraise potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11040388"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kranjec, C., Morales Angeles, D., Torrissen M\u00e5rli, M., Fern\u00e1ndez, L., Garc\u00eda, P., Kjos, M., and Diep, D.B. (2021). Staphylococcal biofilms: Challenges and novel therapeutic perspectives. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10020131"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"e8867","article-title":"Understanding the fight against resistance: Hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus vs. community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"12","author":"Tsouklidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2023.2154653","article-title":"Escalation of antimicrobial resistance among MRSA part 1: Focus on global spread","volume":"21","author":"Lynch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gopikrishnan, M., and Haryini, S. (2024). Emerging strategies and therapeutic innovations for combating drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains: A comprehensive review. J. Basic Microbiol., 64.","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.202300579"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, S.N., Bhat, M.A., Bhat, M.A., and Jan, A.T. (2024). Antimicrobial Resistance: An Overview. Nanotechnology Based Strategies for Combating Antimicrobial Resistance, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-2023-1_1"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, V., Capelo, J.L., Igrejas, G., and Poeta, P. (2020). Molecular Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus Lineages in Wild Animals in Europe: A Review. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9030122"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, V., Monteiro, A., Pereira, J.E., Maltez, L., Igrejas, G., and Poeta, P. (2022). MRSA in Humans, Pets and Livestock in Portugal: Where We Came from and Where We Are Going. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101110"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86521","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-28532-7","article-title":"Transmission of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus between animals, environment, and humans in the farm","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-021-00200-7","article-title":"Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) prevalence in humans in close contact with animals and measures to reduce on-farm colonisation","volume":"74","author":"Lawlor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ir. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-00737-2","article-title":"One Health in hospitals: How understanding the dynamics of people, animals, and the hospital built-environment can be used to better inform interventions for antimicrobial-resistant gram-positive infections","volume":"9","author":"Dalton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S.-H., Kebede, S., Abate, E., Amir, A., Calderon, E., Hoet, A.E., Ikram, A., LeJeune, J.T., Mekuria, Z., and Suzuki, S. (2024). Emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance at the interface of humans, animals, and the environment. Modernizing Global Health Security to Prevent, Detect, and Respond, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-90945-7.00021-X"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taggar, G., Attiq Rheman, M., Boerlin, P., and Diarra, M.S. (2020). Molecular epidemiology of carbapenemases in Enterobacteriales from humans, animals, food and the environment. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9100693"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2020.2847","article-title":"Klebsiella pneumoniae: Prevalence, reservoirs, antimicrobial resistance, pathogenicity, and infection: A hitherto unrecognized zoonotic bacterium","volume":"18","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanz-Garc\u00eda, F., Gil-Gil, T., Laborda, P., Ochoa-S\u00e1nchez, L.E., Mart\u00ednez, J.L., and Hernando-Amado, S. (2021). Coming from the Wild: Multidrug Resistant Opportunistic Pathogens Presenting a Primary, Not Human-Linked, Environmental Habitat. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158080"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e20561","article-title":"The burden of hospital acquired infections and antimicrobial resistance","volume":"9","author":"Abban","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2021.1904891","article-title":"Escalating antimicrobial resistance among Enterobacteriaceae: Focus on carbapenemases","volume":"22","author":"Clark","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foster-Nyarko, E., and Pallen, M.J. (2022). The microbial ecology of Escherichia coli in the vertebrate gut. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 46.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuac008"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2011.0961","article-title":"Associations between multidrug resistance, plasmid content, and virulence potential among extraintestinal pathogenic and commensal Escherichia coli from humans and poultry","volume":"9","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xicohtencatl-Cortes, J., Ochoa, S.A., Cruz-C\u00f3rdova, A., Flores-Oropeza, M.A., and Hern\u00e1ndez-Castro, R. (2022). New Strategies for the Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Urinary Tract Infections-New Insights, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.108911"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-022-00884-1","article-title":"Characterization of unconventional pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from bloodstream infection: Virulence beyond the opportunism","volume":"54","author":"Santos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Husna, A., Rahman, M.M., Badruzzaman, A.T.M., Sikder, M.H., Islam, M.R., Rahman, M.T., Alam, J., and Ashour, H.M. (2023). Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBL): Challenges and opportunities. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11112937"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mondal, A.H., Khare, K., Saxena, P., Debnath, P., Mukhopadhyay, K., and Yadav, D. (2024). A Review on Colistin Resistance: An Antibiotic of Last Resort. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12040772"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00016-21","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00016-21","article-title":"The KbvR regulator contributes to capsule production, outer membrane protein biosynthesis, antiphagocytosis, and virulence in Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"89","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.09.012","article-title":"Epidemiology, mortality and risk factors for patients with K. pneumoniae bloodstream infections: Clinical impact of carbapenem resistance in a tertiary university teaching hospital of Beijing","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karampatakis, T., Tsergouli, K., and Behzadi, P. (2023). Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: Virulence factors, molecular epidemiology and latest updates in treatment options. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020234"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00216-22","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00216-22","article-title":"OXA-48-like \u03b2-lactamases: Global epidemiology, treatment options, and development pipeline","volume":"66","author":"Boyd","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2020-0315","article-title":"Clonal relatedness and plasmid profiling of extensively drug-resistant New Delhi metallo-\u03b2-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates","volume":"16","author":"Qamar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00650-4","article-title":"Horizontal gene transfer and adaptive evolution in bacteria","volume":"20","author":"Arnold","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oyenuga, N., Cobo-D\u00edaz, J.F., Alvarez-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, A., and Alexa, E.-A. (2024). Overview of Antimicrobial Resistant ESKAPEE Pathogens in Food Sources and Their Implications from a One Health Perspective. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12102084"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Castillo, F.Y., Guerrero-Barrera, A.L., and Avelar-Gonz\u00e1lez, F.J. (2023). An overview of carbapenem-resistant organisms from food-producing animals, seafood, aquaculture, companion animals, and wildlife. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1158588"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabali, E., Pandey, G.S., Munyeme, M., Kapila, P., Mukubesa, A.N., Ndebe, J., Muma, J.B., Mubita, C., Muleya, W., and Muonga, E.M. (2021). Identification of Escherichia coli and Related Enterobacteriaceae and Examination of Their Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns: A Pilot Study at A Wildlife\u2013Livestock Interface in Lusaka, Zambia. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10030238"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anju, V.T., Siddhardha, B., and Dyavaiah, M. (2020). Enterobacter infections and antimicrobial drug resistance. Model Org. Microb. Pathog. Biofilm Form. Antimicrob. Drug Discov., 175\u2013194.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-1695-5_11"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"146","article-title":"Clinical and pathogenesis overview of Enterobacter infections","volume":"6","author":"Ghazvini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153286","article-title":"Horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes within the bacterial communities in aquacultural environment","volume":"820","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1086\/341078","article-title":"Evidence of Extensive Interspecies Transfer of Integron-Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance Genes among Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in a Clinical Setting","volume":"186","author":"Box","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-017-0259-z","article-title":"Infection prevention and control measures and tools for the prevention of entry of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae into healthcare settings: Guidance from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","volume":"6","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manyi-Loh, C., Mamphweli, S., Meyer, E., and Okoh, A. (2018). Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and Its Consequential Resistance in Environmental Sources: Potential Public Health Implications. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23040795"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1097\/PAT.0000000000000237","article-title":"Resistance mechanisms in Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"47","author":"Partridge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahuatzin-Flores, O.E., Torres, E., and Ch\u00e1vez-Bravo, E. (2024). Acinetobacter baumannii, a Multidrug-Resistant Opportunistic Pathogen in New Habitats: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202402.1026.v1"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1264\/jsme2.ME10179","article-title":"The Ecology, Biology and Pathogenesis of Acinetobacter spp.: An Overview","volume":"26","author":"Doughari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbes Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2024.06.010","article-title":"Risk factors for mortality in Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infections and development of a predictive mortality model","volume":"38","author":"Corcione","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2019.04.009","article-title":"Analysis of Acinetobacter baumannii survival in liquid media and on solid matrices as well as effect of disinfectants","volume":"103","author":"Bravo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chapartegui-Gonz\u00e1lez, I., L\u00e1zaro-D\u00edez, M., Bravo, Z., Navas, J., Icardo, J.M., and Ramos-Vivas, J. (2018). Acinetobacter baumannii maintains its virulence after long-time starvation. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201961"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geisinger, E., Mortman, N.J., Vargas-Cuebas, G., Tai, A.K., and Isberg, R.R. (2018). A global regulatory system links virulence and antibiotic resistance to envelope homeostasis in Acinetobacter baumannii. PLOS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007030"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pompilio, A., Scribano, D., Sarshar, M., Di Bonaventura, G., Palamara, A.T., and Ambrosi, C. (2021). Gram-Negative Bacteria Holding Together in a Biofilm: The Acinetobacter baumannii Way. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071353"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smitran, A., Lukovic, B., Bozic, L.J., Jelic, D., Jovicevic, M., Kabic, J., Kekic, D., Ranin, J., Opavski, N., and Gajic, I. (2023). Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: Biofilm-Associated Genes, Biofilm-Eradication Potential of Disinfectants, and Biofilm-Inhibitory Effects of Selenium Nanoparticles. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11010171"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S166","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad109","article-title":"Global Epidemiology and Mechanisms of Resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus Complex","volume":"76","author":"Castanheira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111367","article-title":"Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii raises global alarm for new antibiotic regimens","volume":"27","author":"Thacharodi","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, R.A.E., Moustafa, N.M., Mahmoud, F.M., Elsaadawy, Y.S., Aziz, H.S.A., Gaber, S.A.B., Hussin, A.M., and Seadawy, M.G. (2024). Whole-genome sequencing of two multidrug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from a neonatal intensive care unit in Egypt: A prospective cross-sectional study. BMC Microbiol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03482-3"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1086\/504477","article-title":"Mechanisms of Multidrug Resistance in Acinetobacter Species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"43","author":"Bonomo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyriakidis, I., Vasileiou, E., Pana, Z.D., and Tragiannidis, A. (2021). Acinetobacter baumannii Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10030373"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novovi\u0107, K., and Jov\u010di\u0107, B. (2023). Colistin Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii: Molecular Mechanisms and Epidemiology. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030516"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4971","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00834-10","article-title":"Colistin Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii Is Mediated by Complete Loss of Lipopolysaccharide Production","volume":"54","author":"Moffatt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, J., Cheng, J., Liu, S., Zhu, Y., and Zhu, M. (2024). Acinetobacter baumannii: An evolving and cunning opponent. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1332108"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3629","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-024-01461-4","article-title":"Inside-out, antimicrobial resistance mediated by efflux pumps in clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from burn wound infections","volume":"55","author":"Delgado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S83","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqad150.184","article-title":"Zoonotic transmission risk of Acinetobacter baumannii from Alaskan wildlife","volume":"160","author":"Edwards","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gheorghe-Barbu, I., Dragomir, R.-I., Gradisteanu Pircalabioru, G., Surleac, M., Dinu, I.A., Gaboreanu, M.D., and Czobor Barbu, I. (2024). Tracing Acinetobacter baumannii\u2019s Journey from Hospitals to Aquatic Ecosystems. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12081703"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01635-6","article-title":"The Epidemiology and Pathogenesis and Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections: An Update","volume":"81","author":"Reynolds","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moradali, M.F., Ghods, S., and Rehm, B.H.A. (2017). Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lifestyle: A Paradigm for Adaptation, Survival, and Persistence. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00039"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01056-1","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Pathogenesis, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, interaction with host, technology advances and emerging therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georgescu, M., Gheorghe, I., Curutiu, C., Lazar, V., Bleotu, C., and Chifiriuc, M.-C. (2016). Virulence and resistance features of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from chronic leg ulcers. BMC Infect. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1396-3"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamali, E., Jamali, A., Ardebili, A., Ezadi, F., and Mohebbi, A. (2020). Evaluation of antimicrobial resistance, biofilm forming potential, and the presence of biofilm-related genes among clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BMC Res. Notes, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-020-4890-z"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-014-0668-9","article-title":"Association between Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion, antibiotic resistance, and clinical outcome: A review","volume":"18","author":"Sawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behzadi, P., Gajd\u00e1cs, M., Pall\u00f3s, P., \u00d3nodi, B., St\u00e1jer, A., Matusovits, D., K\u00e1rp\u00e1ti, K., Buri\u00e1n, K., Battah, B., and Ferrari, M. (2022). Relationship between Biofilm-Formation, Phenotypic Virulence Factors and Antibiotic Resistance in Environmental Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11091015"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000000184","article-title":"Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in intensive care units increase mortality as an emerging global threat","volume":"109","author":"Saravanan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, E.-J., and Jeong, S.H. (2021). Mobile Carbapenemase Genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.614058"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"507","article-title":"The intriguing carbapenemases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Current status, genetic profile, and global epidemiology","volume":"95","author":"Halat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155353","article-title":"Origin, fluxes, and reservoirs of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in aquatic ecosystems of a French floodplain","volume":"834","author":"Henriot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14303","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.8146","article-title":"Prevalence of multidrug resistance in Pseudomonas spp. isolated from wild bird feces in an urban aquatic environment","volume":"11","author":"Nair","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"2155","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of avian origin: Zoonosis and one health implications","volume":"14","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.02.058","article-title":"Antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas spp. in the aquatic environment: A prevalence study under tropical and temperate climate conditions","volume":"115","author":"Devarajan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krawczyk, B., Wityk, P., Ga\u0142\u0119cka, M., and Michalik, M. (2021). The many faces of Enterococcus spp.\u2014Commensal, probiotic and opportunistic pathogen. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9091900"},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Bhardwaj, S.B. (2019). Enterococci: An important nosocomial pathogen. Pathogenic Bacteria, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singhal, N., Maurya, A.K., Mohanty, S., Kumar, M., and Virdi, J.S. (2019). Evaluation of Bile Salt Hydrolases, Cholesterol-Lowering Capabilities, and Probiotic Potential of Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Rhizosphere. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01567"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bin-Asif, H., and Ali, S.A. (2019). The genus Enterococcus and its associated virulent factors. Microorganisms, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.89083"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, P., Yin, R., Cheng, J., and Lin, J. (2023). Bacterial biofilm formation on biomaterials and approaches to its treatment and prevention. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202306.2248.v1"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001628","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.45.2001628","article-title":"Hospital-acquired infections caused by enterococci: A systematic review and meta-analysis, WHO European Region, 1 January 2010 to 4 February 2020","volume":"26","author":"Brinkwirth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2017.11.030","article-title":"Evolution of virulence in Enterococcus faecium, a hospital-adapted opportunistic pathogen","volume":"41","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"415","article-title":"Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: Therapeutic challenges in the 21st century","volume":"30","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3819","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of vancomycin resistance","volume":"29","author":"Stogios","year":"2020","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikalsen, T., Pedersen, T., Willems, R., Coque, T.M., Werner, G., Sadowy, E., van Schaik, W., Jensen, L.B., Sundsfjord, A., and Hegstad, K. (2015). Investigating the mobilome in clinically important lineages of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. BMC Genom., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1407-6"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13301","article-title":"The prevalence and antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus sp. in surface water","volume":"71","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135830","article-title":"A significant number of multi-drug resistant Enterococcus faecalis in wildlife animals; long-term consequences and new or known reservoirs of resistance?","volume":"705","author":"Nowakiewicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"2200496","article-title":"High occurrence of Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, and Vagococcus lutrae harbouring oxazolidinone resistance genes in raw meat-based diets for companion animals\u2013a public health issue, Switzerland, September 2018 to May 2020","volume":"28","author":"Heyvaert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amuasi, G.R., Dsani, E., Owusu-Nyantakyi, C., Owusu, F.A., Mohktar, Q., Nilsson, P., Adu, B., Hendriksen, R.S., and Egyir, B. (2023). Enterococcus species: Insights into antimicrobial resistance and whole-genome features of isolates recovered from livestock and raw meat in Ghana. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1254896"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00649-x","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in the environment","volume":"20","author":"Larsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1071\/WR14229","article-title":"Human\u2013wildlife interactions in urban areas: A review of conflicts, benefits and opportunities","volume":"42","author":"Soulsbury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-021-03158-9","article-title":"Impact, disease outbreak and the eco-hazards associated with pharmaceutical residues: A Critical review","volume":"19","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"77","article-title":"Carbapenemase-producing bacteria in food-producing animals, wildlife and environment: A challenge for human health","volume":"8","author":"Bonardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ital. J. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, J., Hu, Y., Liu, F., Wang, Y., Bi, Y., Lv, N., Li, J., Zhu, B., and Gao, G.F. (2020). Metagenomic analysis reveals the microbiome and resistome in migratory birds. Microbiome, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0781-8"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, N.A., and Gulhan, T. (2024). Determination of antibiotic resistance patterns and genotypes of Escherichia coli isolated from wild birds. Microbiome, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01729-1"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdullahi, I.N., Fern\u00e1ndez-Fern\u00e1ndez, R., Ju\u00e1rez-Fern\u00e1ndez, G., Mart\u00ednez-\u00c1lvarez, S., Eguiz\u00e1bal, P., Zarazaga, M., Lozano, C., and Torres, C. (2021). Wild animals are reservoirs and sentinels of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA clones: A problem with \u201cOne Health\u201d concern. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10121556"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-19-423","article-title":"Staphylococci among Wild European Rabbits from the Azores: A Potential Zoonotic Issue?","volume":"83","author":"Sousa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreno-Gr\u00faa, E., P\u00e9rez-Fuentes, S., Viana, D., Cardells, J., Lizana, V., Aguil\u00f3, J., Selva, L., and Corpa, J.M. (2020). Marked presence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in wild lagomorphs in Valencia, Spain. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10071109"},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"2222","article-title":"Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. carrying the mecC gene, isolated from wildlife","volume":"68","author":"Loncaric","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, V., Pereira, J.E., Maltez, L., Ferreira, E., Manageiro, V., Cani\u00e7a, M., Capelo, J.L., Igrejas, G., and Poeta, P. (2019). Diversity of methicillin-resistant staphylococci among wild Lepus granatensis: First detection of mecA-MRSA in hares. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 96.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiz204"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv314","article-title":"Detection of MRSA ST3061-t843-mecC and ST398-t011-mecA in white stork nestlings exposed to human residues","volume":"71","author":"Lozano","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gambino, D., Vicari, D., Vitale, M., Schir\u00f2, G., Mira, F., Giglia, M.L., Riccardi, A., Gentile, A., Giardina, S., and Carrozzo, A. (2021). Study on Bacteria Isolates and Antimicrobial Resistance in Wildlife in Sicily, Southern Italy. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9010203"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kutkowska, J., Turska-Szewczuk, A., Kucharczyk, M., Kucharczyk, H., Zalewska, J., and Urbanik-Sypniewska, T. (2019). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and glycopeptide-resistant enterococci in fecal samples of birds from South-Eastern Poland. BMC Vet. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2221-1"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Ortiz, E., Blanco Guti\u00e9rrez, M.d.M., Calvo-Fernandez, C., Menc\u00eda-Guti\u00e9rrez, A., Pastor Tibur\u00f3n, N., Alvarado Piqueras, A., Pablos-Tanarro, A., and Mart\u00edn-Maldonado, B. (2024). Addressing Challenges in Wildlife Rehabilitation: Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria from Wounds and Fractures in Wild Birds. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14081151"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raafat, D., Mrochen, D.M., Al\u2019Sholui, F., Heuser, E., Ryll, R., Pritchett-Corning, K.R., Jacob, J., Walther, B., Matuschka, F.-R., and Richter, D. (2020). Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-Susceptible and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Wild, Captive and Laboratory Rats: Effect of Habitat on the Nasal S. aureus Population. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12020080"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, V., Lopes, A.F., Soeiro, V., Cani\u00e7a, M., Manageiro, V., Pereira, J.E., Maltez, L., Capelo, J.L., Igrejas, G., and Poeta, P. (2022). Nocturnal Birds of Prey as Carriers of Staphylococcus aureus and Other Staphylococci: Diversity, Antimicrobial Resistance and Clonal Lineages. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020240"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.03.020","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from zoo and wild animals","volume":"218","author":"Thomas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2015.11.003","article-title":"Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus isolated from wildlife: Identification, molecular characterization and evaluation of resistance profiles with focus on a methicillin-resistant strain","volume":"44","author":"Nowakiewicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loncaric, I., Stalder, G.L., Mehinagic, K., Rosengarten, R., Hoelzl, F., Knauer, F., and Walzer, C. (2014). Comparison of ESBL\u2014And AmpC Producing Enterobacteriaceae and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolated from Migratory and Resident Population of Rooks (Corvus frugilegus) in Austria. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084048"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-019-01328-4","article-title":"Detection of MRSA of Lineages CC130-mecC and CC398-mecA and Staphylococcus delphini-lnu(A) in Magpies and Cinereous Vultures in Spain","volume":"78","author":"Alonso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.02.034","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance determinants in Staphylococcus spp. recovered from birds of prey in Portugal","volume":"171","author":"Sousa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2017.1304529","article-title":"Microbiological diagnosis and antimicrobial sensitivity profiles in diseased free-living raptors","volume":"46","author":"Vidal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4865","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00647-14","article-title":"Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus by Free-Living Wild Animals in Spain","volume":"80","author":"Porrero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"94","article-title":"A comparison of antibiotic resistance and multiple antibiotic resistance index in wild boars from covasna and Cluj counties","volume":"68","author":"Pall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Work. Ser. C Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, V., Gabriel, S.I., Borrego, S.B., Tejedor-Junco, M.T., Manageiro, V., Ferreira, E., Reis, L., Cani\u00e7a, M., Capelo, J.L., and Igrejas, G. (2021). Antimicrobial Resistance and Genetic Lineages of Staphylococcus aureus from Wild Rodents: First Report of mecC-Positive Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in Portugal. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061537"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2017.09.014","article-title":"Wild rodents and shrews are natural hosts of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"308","author":"Mrochen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"1900149","article-title":"Urban brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) as possible source of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp., Vienna, Austria, 2016 and 2017","volume":"24","author":"Ruppitsch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.06.004","article-title":"High occurrence of mecC-MRSA in wild hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) in Sweden","volume":"207","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14301","article-title":"Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus clones in wild mammals in Aragon, Spain, with detection of MRSA ST130-mecC in wild rabbits","volume":"127","author":"Mama","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku100","article-title":"Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carrying the mecC gene in wild small mammals in Spain","volume":"69","author":"Benito","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E16","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12036","article-title":"Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the novel mecC gene in Denmark corroborates a zoonotic reservoir with transmission to humans","volume":"19","author":"Petersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2624-x","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with mecC: A description of 45 human cases in southern Sweden","volume":"35","author":"Lindgren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"999","article-title":"MRSA Clinical Isolates Harboring mecC Gene Imply Zoonotic Transmission to Humans and Colonization by Biofilm Formation","volume":"55","author":"Hussain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pak. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Athanasakopoulou, Z., Diezel, C., Braun, S.D., Sofia, M., Giannakopoulos, A., Monecke, S., Gary, D., Kr\u00e4hmer, D., Chatzopoulos, D.C., and Touloudi, A. (2022). Occurrence and characteristics of ESBL-and carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli from wild and feral birds in Greece. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10061217"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowaczek, A., Dec, M., St\u0119pie\u0144-Py\u015bniak, D., Urban-Chmiel, R., Marek, A., and R\u00f3\u017ca\u0144ski, P. (2021). Antibiotic resistance and virulence profiles of Escherichia coli strains isolated from wild birds in Poland. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10081059"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blasi, M.F., Migliore, L., Mattei, D., Rotini, A., Thaller, M.C., and Alduina, R. (2020). Antibiotic resistance of gram-negative bacteria from wild captured loggerhead sea turtles. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9040162"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres14040123","article-title":"Preliminary Data on Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Other Bacteria, as Well as Absent African Swine Fever Virus in the Gut Microbiota of Wild Mice and Voles from Bulgaria","volume":"14","author":"Ilieva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2018.08.016","article-title":"Study of the spread of antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from wild mammals in the National Park of Aspromonte (Calabria, Italy)","volume":"63","author":"Foti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.22271\/veterinary.2024.v9.i1Sa.888","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of prevalence of extended spectrum beta lactamase genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from wild-life","volume":"9","author":"Panwar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Veter. Sci. Anim. Husb."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiaverini, A., Cornacchia, A., Centorotola, G., Tieri, E.E., Sulli, N., Del Matto, I., Iannitto, G., Petrone, D., Petrini, A., and Pomilio, F. (2022). Phenotypic and genetic characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from wild animals in Central Italy. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12111347"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4974","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4974","article-title":"Biofilms and antibiotic susceptibility of multidrug-resistant bacteria from wild animals","volume":"6","author":"Dias","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brendecke, J., Homeier-Bachmann, T., Schmitz Orn\u00e9s, A., Guenther, S., Heiden, S.E., Schwabe, M., Eger, E., and Schaufler, K. (2022). Multidrug-resistant high-risk Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae clonal lineages occur in black-headed gulls from two conservation islands in Germany. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11101357"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.2707","article-title":"VIM-1 carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli in gulls from southern France","volume":"7","author":"Vittecoq","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smoglica, C., Vergara, A., Angelucci, S., Festino, A.R., Antonucci, A., Marsilio, F., and Di Francesco, C.E. (2023). Antibiotic-resistant bacteria dissemination in the wildlife, livestock, and water of Maiella National Park, Italy. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13030432"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musa, L., Stefanetti, V., Casagrande Proietti, P., Grilli, G., Gobbi, M., Toppi, V., Brustenga, L., Magistrali, C.F., and Franciosini, M.P. (2023). Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Commensal E. coli Isolated from Wild Birds in Umbria (Central Italy). Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13111776"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prandi, I., Bellato, A., Nebbia, P., Stella, M.C., Ala, U., von Degerfeld, M.M., Quaranta, G., and Robino, P. (2023). Antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli in wild birds hospitalised in a wildlife rescue centre. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 93.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2023.101945"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153632","article-title":"Genomically diverse carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae from wild birds provide insight into global patterns of spatiotemporal dissemination","volume":"824","author":"Ahlstrom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"2014","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Virulence Genes among MDR and XDR Avian Pathogenic E. coli","volume":"13","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adv. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"92","article-title":"Investigation of the prevalence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from ostriches and human urinary tract infections","volume":"35","author":"Farzin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Biol. Prod."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2209.160464","article-title":"Possible transmission of mcr-1\u2013harboring Escherichia coli between companion animals and human","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaufler, K., Semmler, T., Wieler, L.H., W\u00f6hrmann, M., Baddam, R., Ahmed, N., M\u00fcller, K., Kola, A., Fruth, A., and Ewers, C. (2016). Clonal spread and interspecies transmission of clinically relevant ESBL-producing Escherichia coli of ST410\u2014Another successful pandemic clone?. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 92.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiv155"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30273-7","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in human-derived and foodchain-derived samples from England, Wales, and Scotland: An epidemiological surveillance and typing study","volume":"19","author":"Day","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahms, C., H\u00fcbner, N.-O., Kossow, A., Mellmann, A., Dittmann, K., and Kramer, A. (2015). Occurrence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in livestock and farm workers in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143326"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e279","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30167-1","article-title":"Antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is a One Health problem","volume":"1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4349","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13931","article-title":"Relatedness of wildlife and livestock avian isolates of the nosocomial pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii to lineages spread in hospitals worldwide","volume":"19","author":"Wilharm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unger, F., Eisenberg, T., Prenger-Berninghoff, E., Leidner, U., Semmler, T., and Ewers, C. (2022). Imported pet reptiles and their \u201cBlind passengers\u201d\u2014In-depth characterization of 80 Acinetobacter species isolates. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050893"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2018.58","article-title":"A systematic review of the burden of multidrug-resistant healthcare-associated infections among intensive care unit patients in Southeast Asia: The rise of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"39","author":"Teerawattanapong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0635-y","article-title":"Faucet aerators as a reservoir for Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: A healthcare-associated infection outbreak in a neurosurgical intensive care unit","volume":"8","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106195","article-title":"Genomic and phenotypic characterisation of antimicrobial resistance in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii hyperendemic clones CC1, CC15, CC79 and CC25","volume":"56","author":"Camargo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.00553-19","article-title":"Draft genome sequences of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates recovered from sewage water from a poultry slaughterhouse in Germany","volume":"8","author":"Savin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Resour. Announc."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01142-24","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01142-24","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility to last-resort antibiotics in carbapenemase-producing bacteria from Ukrainian patients","volume":"12","author":"Verkaik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terreni, M., Taccani, M., and Pregnolato, M. (2021). New antibiotics for multidrug-resistant bacterial strains: Latest research developments and future perspectives. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092671"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.05.012","article-title":"Diversity of Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated in humans, companion animals, and the environment in Reunion Island: An exploratory study","volume":"37","author":"Belmonte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.03.021","article-title":"Reservoirs of Acinetobacter baumannii outside the hospital and potential involvement in emerging human community-acquired infections","volume":"17","author":"Eveillard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e895","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00255-5","article-title":"Zoonotic Acinetobacter baumannii: The need for genomic epidemiology in a One Health context","volume":"3","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linz, B., Mukhtar, N., Shabbir, M.Z., Rivera, I., Ivanov, Y.V., Tahir, Z., Yaqub, T., and Harvill, E.T. (2018). Virulent epidemic pneumonia in sheep caused by the human pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02616"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-Rold\u00e1n, L., Rojo-Bezares, B., de Toro, M., L\u00f3pez, M., Toledano, P., Lozano, C., Chich\u00f3n, G., Alvarez-Erviti, L., Torres, C., and S\u00e1enz, Y. (2020). Antimicrobial resistance and virulence of Pseudomonas spp. among healthy animals: Concern about exolysin ExlA detection. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68575-1"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154699","article-title":"A high-risk carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clone detected in red deer (Cervus elaphus) from Portugal","volume":"829","author":"Torres","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2021.09.010","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa: An antibiotic resilient pathogen with environmental origin","volume":"64","author":"Laborda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurado-Mart\u00edn, I., Sainz-Mej\u00edas, M., and McClean, S. (2021). Pseudomonas aeruginosa: An audacious pathogen with an adaptable arsenal of virulence factors. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063128"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2406.180335","article-title":"Zooanthroponotic transmission of drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Brazil","volume":"24","author":"Fernandes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15191","article-title":"Occurrence, virulence, carbapenem resistance, susceptibility to disinfectants and public health hazard of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from animals, humans and environment in intensive farms","volume":"132","author":"Gharieb","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdullahi, I.N., Mejri, S., Okwume, C.C., Lawal, N.A., Olusegun, O.A., Sallem, R.B., and Slama, K.B. (2025). Global epidemiology of high priority and pandemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa in pets, livestock, wild, and aquatic animals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 78.","DOI":"10.1093\/lambio\/ovaf028"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chich\u00f3n, G., L\u00f3pez, M., de Toro, M., Ruiz-Rold\u00e1n, L., Rojo-Bezares, B., and S\u00e1enz, Y. (2023). Spread of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ST274 Clone in Different Niches: Resistome, Virulome, and Phylogenetic Relationship. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12111561"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez, M., Rojo-Bezares, B., Chich\u00f3n, G., and S\u00e1enz, Y. (2022). Resistance to Fluoroquinolones in Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Human, Animal, Food and Environmental Origin: The Role of CrpP and Mobilizable ICEs. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11091271"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janu\u00e1rio, A.P., Afonso, C.N., Mendes, S., and Rodrigues, M.J. (2019). Faecal indicator bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in marine coastal waters: Is there a relationship?. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9010013"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larcher, R., Laffont-Lozes, P., Roger, C., Doncesco, R., Groul-Viaud, C., Martin, A., Loubet, P., Lavigne, J.-P., Pantel, A., and Sotto, A. (2022). Last resort beta-lactam antibiotics for treatment of New-Delhi Metallo-Beta-Lactamase producing Enterobacterales and other Difficult-to-Treat Resistance in Gram-negative bacteria: A real-life study. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1048633"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01161.x","article-title":"Treatment and control of severe infections caused by multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"11","author":"Rossolini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.04.020","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A formidable and ever-present adversary","volume":"73","author":"Kerr","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiore, E., Van Tyne, D., and Gilmore, M.S. (2019). Pathogenicity of Enterococci. Microbiol. Spectr., 7.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0053-2018"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0461","article-title":"Clonal structure and antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus spp. from wild birds in Poland","volume":"25","author":"Hauschild","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St\u0119pie\u0144-Py\u015bniak, D., Hauschild, T., Kosikowska, U., Dec, M., and Urban-Chmiel, R. (2019). Biofilm formation capacity and presence of virulence factors among commensal Enterococcus spp. from wild birds. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47602-w"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2019.0052","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility and virulence genes in Enterococcus isolates from wild mammals living in Tuscany, Italy","volume":"26","author":"Dec","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2022-0020","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus species isolated from wild mammals in Arag\u00f3n, Spain","volume":"66","author":"Torres","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terentjeva, M., \u0136ibilds, J., Avsejenko, J., C\u012brulis, A., Labecka, L., and B\u0113rzi\u0146\u0161, A. (2024). Antimicrobial Resistance in Enterococcus spp. Isolates from Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Latvia. Antibiotics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13020114"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tro\u015bcia\u0144czyk, A., Nowakiewicz, A., Gnat, S., \u0141agowski, D., Osi\u0144ska, M., and Chudzik-Rz\u0105d, B. (2021). Comparative study of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium obtained from different hosts. J. Med. Microbiol., 70.","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001340"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tro\u015bcia\u0144czyk, A., Nowakiewicz, A., Osi\u0144ska, M., \u0141agowski, D., Gnat, S., and Chudzik-Rz\u0105d, B. (2022). Comparative characteristics of sequence types, genotypes and virulence of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolated from various hosts in eastern Poland. Spread of clonal complex 17 in humans and animals. Res. Microbiol., 173.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2022.103925"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2017.0040","article-title":"Genetic Characterization of vanA-Enterococcus faecium Isolates from Wild Red-Legged Partridges in Portugal","volume":"24","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cagnoli, G., Bertelloni, F., Interrante, P., Ceccherelli, R., Marzoni, M., and Ebani, V.V. (2022). Antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus spp. in wild avifauna from central Italy. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11070852"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.15244\/pjoes\/126371","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococci from Wild Animals in Slovakia","volume":"30","author":"Hamarova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polish J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwit, R., Zaj\u0105c, M., \u015amia\u0142owska-W\u0119gli\u0144ska, A., Skar\u017cy\u0144ska, M., Bomba, A., Lalak, A., Skrzypiec, E., Wojdat, D., Koza, W., and Mikos-Wojewoda, E. (2023). Prevalence of Enterococcus spp. and the whole-genome characteristics of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from free-living birds in Poland. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12060836"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.05.039","article-title":"Wild corvid birds colonized with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium of human origin harbor epidemic vanA plasmids","volume":"118","author":"Peixe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00058-18","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00058-18","article-title":"The Enterococcus: A Model of Adaptability to Its Environment","volume":"32","author":"Rice","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.12.023","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in Wildlife: The First Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","volume":"116","author":"Wada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2017.0147","article-title":"Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: A review of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and perspectives of human and animal health","volume":"24","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0218chiopu, P., Toc, D.A., Colosi, I.A., Costache, C., Ruospo, G., Berar, G., G\u0103lb\u0103u, \u0218.-G., Ghilea, A.C., Botan, A., and Pan\u0103, A.-G. (2023). An overview of the factors involved in biofilm production by the enterococcus genus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411577"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Too, E., and Masila, E. (2024). The Interconnection between Virulence Factors, Biofilm Formation, and Horizontal Gene Transfer in Enterococcus: A Review. Enterococcus\u2014Unveiling the Emergence of a Potent Pathogen, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.114321"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2018.09.004","article-title":"Presence of virulence factor genes (gelE and esp) and biofilm formation in clinical Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from urinary tract infection in Isfahan, Iran","volume":"13","author":"Rahimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gene Rep."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00177-21","article-title":"Let me upgrade you: Impact of mobile genetic elements on enterococcal adaptation and evolution","volume":"203","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tokuda, M., and Shintani, M. (2024). Microbial evolution through horizontal gene transfer by mobile genetic elements. Microb. Biotechnol., 17.","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.14408"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3444","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15441","article-title":"Enterococcal biofilm\u2014A nidus for antibiotic resistance transfer?","volume":"132","author":"Conwell","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.01.013","article-title":"Horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance from Enterococcus faecium of fermented meat origin to clinical isolates of E. faecium and Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"199","author":"Jahan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bortolaia, V., and Guardabassi, L. (2023). Zoonotic Transmission of Antimicrobial-Resistant Enterococci: A Threat to Public Health or an Overemphasized Risk?. Zoonoses: Infections Affecting Humans and Animals, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-27164-9_16"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.07.012","article-title":"Enterococcus faecalis urinary-tract infections: Do they have a zoonotic origin?","volume":"73","author":"Abat","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dolejska, M. (2020). Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in wildlife. Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment: A Worldwide Overview, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/698_2020_467"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47505","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-34355-x","article-title":"Occurrence and dissemination of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in aquatic environment and its ecological implications: A review","volume":"31","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, V., Ferreira, E., Manageiro, V., Reis, L., Tejedor-Junco, M.T., Sampaio, A., Capelo, J.L., Cani\u00e7a, M., Igrejas, G., and Poeta, P. (2021). Distribution and Clonal Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus and Other Staphylococci in Surface Waters: Detection of ST425-t742 and ST130-t843 mecC-Positive MRSA Strains. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10111416"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e466","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00137-6","article-title":"Transmission modelling of environmentally persistent zoonotic diseases: A systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Rees","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00050-19","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00050-19","article-title":"Evolutionary pathways and trajectories in antibiotic resistance","volume":"34","author":"Baquero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motlhalamme, T., Paul, L., and Singh, V. (2024). Environmental Reservoirs, Genomic Epidemiology, and Mobile Genetic Elements. Antimicrobial Resistance: Factors to Findings: Omics and Systems Biology Approaches, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-65986-7_7"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laborda, P., Sanz-Garc\u00eda, F., Ochoa-S\u00e1nchez, L.E., Gil-Gil, T., Hernando-Amado, S., and Mart\u00ednez, J.L. (2022). Wildlife and antibiotic resistance. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.873989"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00088-17","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00088-17","article-title":"Mobile Genetic Elements Associated with Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"31","author":"Partridge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab450","article-title":"Antimicrobial-induced horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes in bacteria: A mini-review","volume":"77","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2024.107251","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Among Clinically Significant Bacteria in Wildlife: An Overlooked One Health Concern","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gwenzi, W., Chaukura, N., Muisa-Zikali, N., Teta, C., Musvuugwa, T., Rzymski, P., and Abia, A.L.K. (2021). Insects, rodents, and pets as reservoirs, vectors, and sentinels of antimicrobial resistance. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10010068"},{"key":"ref_228","unstructured":"Hassell, J.M. (2018). Ecological and Epidemiological Consequences of Rapid Urbanisation at Wildlife-Livestock-Human Interfaces, The University of Liverpool."},{"key":"ref_229","first-page":"770","article-title":"LasB, ExoS and Nan1 genes as potential predictors of site-specific Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenicity in nosocomial isolates","volume":"5","author":"Elsaid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbes Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aslam, B., Khurshid, M., Arshad, M.I., Muzammil, S., Rasool, M., Yasmeen, N., Shah, T., Chaudhry, T.H., Rasool, M.H., and Shahid, A. (2021). Antibiotic resistance: One health one world outlook. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.771510"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-020-0051-0","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance genes from livestock waste: Occurrence, dissemination, and treatment","volume":"3","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Clean Water"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robles-Jimenez, L.E., Aranda-Aguirre, E., Castelan-Ortega, O.A., Shettino-Bermudez, B.S., Ortiz-Salinas, R., Miranda, M., Li, X., Angeles-Hernandez, J.C., Vargas-Bello-P\u00e9rez, E., and Gonzalez-Ronquillo, M. (2021). Worldwide traceability of antibiotic residues from livestock in wastewater and soil: A systematic review. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12010060"}],"container-title":["Diversity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-2818\/17\/4\/220\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:58:02Z","timestamp":1760029082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-2818\/17\/4\/220"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"references-count":232,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["d17040220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/d17040220","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-2818"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-2818","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]}}}