{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T03:57:00Z","timestamp":1774583820482,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"project Marina-Forests","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"project Marina-Forests","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"project Marina-Forests","award":["LA\/P\/ 0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/ 0069\/2020"]}]},{"name":"project Marina-Forests","award":["10.54499\/UIDB\/04050\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UIDB\/04050\/2020"]}]},{"name":"project Marina-Forests","award":["2023.04100.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.04100.BD"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/ 0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/ 0069\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["10.54499\/UIDB\/04050\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UIDB\/04050\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["2023.04100.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.04100.BD"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory ARNET","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory ARNET","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory ARNET","award":["LA\/P\/ 0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/ 0069\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory ARNET","award":["10.54499\/UIDB\/04050\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UIDB\/04050\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory ARNET","award":["2023.04100.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.04100.BD"]}]},{"name":"CBMA","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CBMA","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CBMA","award":["LA\/P\/ 0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/ 0069\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CBMA","award":["10.54499\/UIDB\/04050\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UIDB\/04050\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CBMA","award":["2023.04100.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.04100.BD"]}]},{"name":"PhD scholarship from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) program","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PhD scholarship from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) program","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PhD scholarship from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) program","award":["LA\/P\/ 0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/ 0069\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PhD scholarship from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) program","award":["10.54499\/UIDB\/04050\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UIDB\/04050\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PhD scholarship from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) program","award":["2023.04100.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.04100.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diversity"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The number of recreational marinas has increased in recent years due to the growing demand for leisure boating. Recreational marinas are key points for the introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS), which are considered a source of biocontamination. However, there is scarce knowledge on the influence of environmental features on NIS fouling assemblages, especially regarding different salinity conditions. The aim of this study is to explore the effect of salinity on the structure of NIS fouling assemblages and biocontamination levels. Therefore, fouling assemblages associated with floating pontoons were studied in recreational marinas located in fully marine and brackish habitats on the Northern Portuguese coast. Twenty-four NIS were found, of which arthropods and bryozoans represented the most abundant taxa. Except for NIS abundance, univariate and multivariate analyses showed that NIS assemblage structure was shaped by salinity conditions. Thus, NIS richness and the ratio between NIS richness and total richness were significantly higher in marine than in brackish habitats. Similarly, consistently higher biocontamination levels were found in marine habitats, compromising their ecological status. Quantitative data provided here will be useful in the development of NIS management strategies. Thus, in Northern Portugal, efforts should be focused on marinas under fully marine salinity conditions because they harbor a greater number of NIS and, consequently, a worse ecological status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/d17040245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T03:25:02Z","timestamp":1743391502000},"page":"245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Structure of Non-Indigenous Fouling Assemblages and Biocontamination Levels in Portuguese Recreational Marinas Under Different Salinity Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6203-0366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Novo Edif\u00edcio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA\/ARNET), Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1106-6035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos","family":"Rubal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA\/ARNET), Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3803-1040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro","family":"Sampaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Novo Edif\u00edcio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1374-2033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda (Unidad de Zoolog\u00eda) & Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Fran","family":"Ramil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIM-UVigo\u2014Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Mari\u00f1a, Facultade de Ciencias do Mar, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9231-0553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Sousa-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Novo Edif\u00edcio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5706-465X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Puri","family":"Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Novo Edif\u00edcio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-023-02081-8","article-title":"Marine extinctions and their drivers","volume":"23","author":"Nikolaou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reg. 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