{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T19:49:21Z","timestamp":1767383361704,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]],"date-time":"2025-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bio4Med\u2014Implementa\u00e7\u00e3o de estrat\u00e9gias inovadoras para incremento da sustentabilidade em culturas perenes mediterr\u00e2nicas","award":["PRR-C05-i03-I-000083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRR-C05-i03-I-000083"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diversity"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu) is an invasive pest that attacks species of the genus Castanea, inducing gall formation on buds and leaves, which can significantly reduce tree growth, fruiting, and overall chestnut production. Native to China, D. kuriphilus has become a serious threat to chestnut orchards worldwide. Torymus sinensis Kamijo, a parasitoid also originating from China, is highly specific to D. kuriphilus and is currently considered the most effective biological control agent against this pest. This study aimed to evaluate the establishment of T. sinensis as well as its effectiveness in controlling D. kuriphilus at release sites between 2020 and 2023. Releases of T. sinensis were conducted in the municipality of Bragan\u00e7a with a sex ratio of 120 females to 70 males. The parasitoids were randomly released across three chestnut trees with infestation levels ranging from moderate (26\u201350% of the canopy affected by galls) to very severe (&gt;80% of the canopy affected). At each release site, 250 galls were collected annually, and 10% of these galls were dissected to calculate parasitism rates by T. sinensis. Results revealed a positive correlation between the monitoring year and the parasitism rate. Following the releases, parasitism rates increased gradually, reaching values between 15% and 40%. T. sinensis successfully established itself in chestnut orchards and parasitized D. kuriphilus, despite normal population fluctuations being observed across years and orchards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/d17050358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T06:31:29Z","timestamp":1747636289000},"page":"358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effectiveness of Torymus sinensis Kamijo Releases in Controlling the Chestnut Gall Wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, in Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes, Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8845-3888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Lobo","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Compet\u00eancias dos Frutos Secos, Edif\u00edcio do Brigantia EcoPark, Avenida Cidade de Le\u00f3n, n\u00ba 506, 5300-358 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Escuela de Doctorado, Universidad de L\u00e9on, 24007 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1500-6360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia Alexandra Paiva","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Escola Superior de Tecnologia do Barreiro, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal, Rua Am\u00e9rico da Silva Marinho, 2839-001 Lavradio, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4432-9794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Casquero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ingenier\u00eda y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Nat. y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Avenida Portugal 41, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}]},{"given":"Rosalina","family":"Marr\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Compet\u00eancias dos Frutos Secos, Edif\u00edcio do Brigantia EcoPark, Avenida Cidade de Le\u00f3n, n\u00ba 506, 5300-358 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Compet\u00eancias dos Frutos Secos, Edif\u00edcio do Brigantia EcoPark, Avenida Cidade de Le\u00f3n, n\u00ba 506, 5300-358 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Morais-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Compet\u00eancias dos Frutos Secos, Edif\u00edcio do Brigantia EcoPark, Avenida Cidade de Le\u00f3n, n\u00ba 506, 5300-358 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5215-785X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albino","family":"Bento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Compet\u00eancias dos Frutos Secos, Edif\u00edcio do Brigantia EcoPark, Avenida Cidade de Le\u00f3n, n\u00ba 506, 5300-358 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Geral de Alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o e Veterin\u00e1ria (DGAV) (2017). 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For."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.18054\/pb.2015.117.4.3445","article-title":"Biological Control of Invasive Dryocosmus kuriphilus with Introduced Parasitoid Torymus sinensis in Croatia, Slovenia and Hungary","volume":"117","author":"Matosevic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Period Biol"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.3897\/asp.81.e98141","article-title":"Torymus Sinensis and Its Close Relatives in Europe: A Multilocus Phylogeny, Detailed Morphological Analysis, and Identification Key","volume":"81","author":"Viciriuc","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthropod Syst. Phylogeny"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2016.07.023","article-title":"Biological Control of the Chestnut Gall Wasp with T. sinensis: A Mathematical Model","volume":"338","author":"Paparella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. 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Control"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1127\/entomologia\/2018\/0573","article-title":"Introduction and Acclimation of Torymus sinensis in the South of Italy","volume":"37","author":"Cascone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Entomol. Gen."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001","DOI":"10.5424\/fs\/2019281-14361","article-title":"Torymus sinensis Kamijo, a Biocontrol Agent against the Invasive Chestnut Gall Wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu in Spain: Its Natural Dispersal from France and the First Data on Establishment after Experimental Releases","volume":"28","author":"Gavira","year":"2019","journal-title":"For. Syst."}],"container-title":["Diversity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-2818\/17\/5\/358\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:34:41Z","timestamp":1760031281000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-2818\/17\/5\/358"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["d17050358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/d17050358","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-2818"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-2818"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]]}}}