{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:13:44Z","timestamp":1785402824371,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n Peruana para la Conservaci\u00f3n de la Naturaleza","award":["CEPF-108792"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEPF-108792"]}]},{"name":"Premio Carlos Ponce","award":["SPDA-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SPDA-2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diversity"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Peruvian Andes harbor one of the most geographically complex and biologically diverse regions of the Tropical Andes, yet several microbasins and mountain ridges remain poorly surveyed for amphibians. Here, we describe four new species of the terrestrial-breeding frog genus Oreobates from the departments of Amazonas, San Mart\u00edn and Hu\u00e1nuco, Peru, based on morphology, coloration, and molecular phylogenetic analyses. The new species inhabit humid montane and premontane forests of the upper basin of the Huallaga River. The new taxa differ from congeners by combinations of body size, skin texture, digital morphology, coloration, and iris pattern. Phylogenetic analyses recovered the new species within distinct lineages of Oreobates, supporting their recognition as independent evolutionary entities. Our results further highlight the role of Andean topography, especially dry inter-Andean valleys associated with the Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, Apur\u00edmac, and Mantaro systems, as important barriers shaping diversification in Andean amphibians. These discoveries emphasize the underestimated diversity of Oreobates in the Peruvian Yungas and reinforce the importance of continued taxonomic exploration of the Andean ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/d18080458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T08:09:42Z","timestamp":1785398982000},"page":"458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Four New Species of Direct-Developing Frogs, Genus Oreobates (Anura: Strabomantidae), from Peru"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6501-4492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo J.","family":"Venegas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rainforest Partnership, 4005 Guadalupe St., Austin, TX 78751, USA"},{"name":"Instituto Peruano de Herpetolog\u00eda (IPH), Augusto Salazar Bondy 136, Urb. Higuereta, Surco, Lima 15038, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Ttito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Peruano de Herpetolog\u00eda (IPH), Augusto Salazar Bondy 136, Urb. Higuereta, Surco, Lima 15038, Peru"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n VERTEBRATE, Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. de La Cultura 733, Cusco 08003, Peru"},{"name":"Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Plaza de Armas S\/N, Cusco 08000, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3529-1261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis A.","family":"Garc\u00eda-Ayachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rainforest Partnership, 4005 Guadalupe St., Austin, TX 78751, USA"},{"name":"Instituto Peruano de Herpetolog\u00eda (IPH), Augusto Salazar Bondy 136, Urb. Higuereta, Surco, Lima 15038, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9127-497X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Gulman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Peruano de Herpetolog\u00eda (IPH), Augusto Salazar Bondy 136, Urb. Higuereta, Surco, Lima 15038, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3833-5909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan D.","family":"Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Peruano de Herpetolog\u00eda (IPH), Augusto Salazar Bondy 136, Urb. Higuereta, Surco, Lima 15038, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3650-4783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Catenazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Peruano de Herpetolog\u00eda (IPH), Augusto Salazar Bondy 136, Urb. Higuereta, Surco, Lima 15038, Peru"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/35002501","article-title":"Biodiversity Hotspots for conservation priorities","volume":"403","author":"Myers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: A new map of life on earth","volume":"51","author":"Olson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.13517","article-title":"FrogCap: A modular sequence capture probe-set for phylogenomics and population genetics for all frogs, assessed across multiple phylogenetic scales","volume":"22","author":"Hutter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. 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