{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T05:29:04Z","timestamp":1775626144483,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERA-MIN\/0001\/2017 \u2013 LIGHTS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERA-MIN\/0001\/2017 \u2013 LIGHTS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["869274 \u2014 GREENPEG \u2014 H2020-SC5-2018-2019-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["869274 \u2014 GREENPEG \u2014 H2020-SC5-2018-2019-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04683\/2020 - ICT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683\/2020 - ICT"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/136108\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/136108\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.05534.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.05534.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-094097-B-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-094097-B-100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003451","name":"Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GIU18\/084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GIU18\/084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003451","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR \u2013 10 \u2013 LABX 21 \u2013 LABEX RESSOURCES 21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR \u2013 10 \u2013 LABX 21 \u2013 LABEX RESSOURCES 21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["776804 - NEXT\u2013 H2020-SC5-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["776804 - NEXT\u2013 H2020-SC5-2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Data"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The existence of diagnostic features in the visible and infrared regions makes it possible to use reflectance spectra not only to identify mineral assemblages but also for calibration and classification of satellite images, considering lithological and\/or mineral mapping. For this purpose, a consistent spectral library with the target spectra of minerals and rocks is needed. Currently, there is big market pressure for raw materials including lithium (Li) that has driven new satellite image applications for Li exploration. However, there are no reference spectra for petalite (a Li mineral) in large, open spectral datasets. In this work, a spectral library was built exclusively dedicated to Li minerals and Li pegmatite exploration through satellite remote sensing. The database includes field and laboratory spectra collected in the Fregeneda\u2013Almendra region (Spain\u2013Portugal) from (i) distinct Li minerals (spodumene, petalite, lepidolite); (ii) several Li pegmatites and other outcropping lithologies to allow satellite-based lithological mapping; (iii) areas previously misclassified as Li pegmatites using machine learning algorithms to allow comparisons between these regions and the target areas. Ancillary data include (i) sample location and coordinates, (ii) sample conditions, (iii) sample color, (iv) type of face measured, (v) equipment used, and for the laboratory spectra, (vi) sample photographs, (vii) continuum removed spectra files, and (viii) statistics on the main absorption features automatically extracted. The potential future uses of this spectral library are reinforced by its major advantages: (i) data is provided in a universal file format; (ii) it allows users to compare field and laboratory spectra; (iii) a large number of complementary data allow the comparison of shape, asymmetry, and depth of the absorption features of the distinct Li minerals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/data6030033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T12:04:00Z","timestamp":1615896240000},"page":"33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Tools for Remote Exploration: A Lithium (Li) Dedicated Spectral Library of the Fregeneda\u2013Almendra Aplite\u2013Pegmatite Field"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8265-3897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Cardoso-Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Plannings, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICT (Institute of Earth Sciences)\u2014Porto Pole (Portugal), Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9876-7629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Plannings, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5425-3626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Plannings, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICT (Institute of Earth Sciences)\u2014Porto Pole (Portugal), Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6598-5934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Plannings, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICT (Institute of Earth Sciences)\u2014Porto Pole (Portugal), Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8043-6431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana C.","family":"Teodoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Plannings, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICT (Institute of Earth Sciences)\u2014Porto Pole (Portugal), Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6930-4315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Odile","family":"Barr\u00e8s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, GeoRessources Laboratory, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5587-9874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean","family":"Cauzid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, GeoRessources Laboratory, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8841-6315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f4nica","family":"Perrotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing and Mineral Spectroscopy Laboratory, Geological Survey of Brazil (CPRM), Rua Costa, 55, S\u00e3o Paulo 01304-010, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Encarnaci\u00f3n","family":"Roda-Robles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geolog\u00eda, Universidad del Pa\u00eds Vasco (UPV\/EHU), Barrio Sarriena, Leioa, 48940 Bilbao, Spain"}]},{"given":"Maria Anjos","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Plannings, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICT (Institute of Earth Sciences)\u2014Porto Pole (Portugal), Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"283","article-title":"Visible and near-infrared spectra of minerals and rocks: I Silicate minerals","volume":"1","author":"Hunt","year":"1970","journal-title":"Modern Geol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6329","DOI":"10.1029\/JB089iB07p06329","article-title":"Reflectance spectroscopy: Quantitative analysis techniques for remote sensing applications","volume":"89","author":"Clark","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12653","DOI":"10.1029\/JB095iB08p12653","article-title":"High spectral resolution reflectance spectroscopy of minerals","volume":"95","author":"Clark","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Pontual, S., Merry, N.J., and Gamson, P. (2008). Spectral interpretation field manual. GMEX Spectral Analysis Guides for Mineral Exploration, AusSpec International Ltd.. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"69","article-title":"A review on spectral processing methods for geological remote sensing","volume":"47","author":"Asadzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2019.02.019","article-title":"Point and imaging spectroscopy investigations on the Pedra Branca orogenic gold deposit, Troia Massif, Northeast Brazil: Implications for mineral exploration in amphibolite metamorphic-grade terrains","volume":"107","author":"Naleto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtusci.2014.11.008","article-title":"Hydrothermal alteration mapping from Landsat-8 data, Sar Cheshmeh copper mining district, south-eastern Islamic Republic of Iran","volume":"9","author":"Pour","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Taibah Univ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/10641190701334164","article-title":"Quantification of the Total Suspended Matter Concentration around the Sea Breaking Zone from In Situ Measurements and Terra\/Aster Data","volume":"25","author":"Teodoro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivard, B., Zhang, J., Feng, J., and Sanchez-Azofeifa, A.G. (2009). Remote predictive lithologic mapping in the Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Canada, using airborne hyperspectral imagery. Can. J. Remote Sens., 35.","DOI":"10.5589\/m10-002"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardoso-Fernandes, J., Teodoro, A.C., Lima, A., Perrotta, M., and Roda-Robles, E. (2020). Detecting Lithium (Li) Mineralizations from Space: Current Research and Future Perspectives. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10051785"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"10","article-title":"Remote sensing data in lithium (Li) exploration: A new approach for the detection of Li-bearing pegmatites","volume":"76","author":"Teodoro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.3749\/canmin.AB00004","article-title":"Constraints and potentials of remote sensing data\/techniques applied to lithium (Li)-pegmatites","volume":"57","author":"Lima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"111560Q","article-title":"Evaluating the performance of support vector machines (SVMs) and random forest (RF) in Li-pegmatite mapping: Preliminary results","volume":"Volume 11156","author":"Teodoro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Resources and Environmental Remote Sensing\/GIS Applications X"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardoso-Fernandes, J., Teodoro, A.C., Lima, A., and Roda-Robles, E. (2020). Semi-Automatization of Support Vector Machines to Map Lithium (Li) Bearing Pegmatites. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12142319"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kokaly, R.F., Clark, R.N., Swayze, G.A., Livo, K.E., Hoefen, T.M., Pearson, N.C., Wise, R.A., Benzel, W.M., Lowers, H.A., and Driscoll, R.L. (2017). USGS Spectral Library Version 7, 1035, USGS.","DOI":"10.3133\/ds1035"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meerdink, S.K., Hook, S.J., Roberts, D.A., and Abbott, E.A. (2019). The ECOSTRESS spectral library version 1.0. Remote Sens. Environ., 230.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.05.015"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Paes, V.J.C., Santos, L.D., Tedeschi, M.F., and Betiollo, L.M. (2016). Estudos Espectrais. Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o do Potencial do L\u00edtio no Brasil: \u00c1rea do M\u00e9dio Rio Jequitinhonha, Nordeste de Minas Gerais: Texto Explicativo e Mapas, CPRM."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1180\/minmag.1996.060.402.06","article-title":"The phosphate mineral association of the granitic pegmatites of the Fregeneda area (Salamanca, Spain)","volume":"60","author":"Roda","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mineral. Mag."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Vieira, R. (2010). Aplitopegmatitos com Elementos Raros da Regi\u00e3o Entre Almendra (V.N. de Foz C\u00f4a) e Barca d\u2019Alva (Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo). Campo Aplitopegmat\u00edtico da Fregeneda-Almendra. [Ph.D. Thesis, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto]."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Costa, J.C.S. (1950). Not\u00edcia Sobre uma Carta Geol\u00f3gica do Bu\u00e7aco, de Nery Delgado, Servi\u00e7os Geol\u00f3gicos de Portugal."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2020, November 09). LIGHTS (Lightweight Integrated Ground and Airborne Hyperspectral Topological Solution). Available online: http:\/\/lights.univ-lorraine.fr\/."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardoso-Fernandes, J., Teodoro, A.C., Lima, A., Mielke, C., Korting, F., Roda-Robles, E., and Cauzid, J. (2020). Multi-Scale Approach using Remote Sensing Techniques for Lithium Pegmatite Exploration: First Results. IGARSS, 5226\u20135229.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS39084.2020.9323705"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2020, November 09). PROJECTS: FLAPSYS. Available online: https:\/\/www.inesctec.pt\/pt\/projetos\/flapsys."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2020, November 09). GREENPEG. Available online: https:\/\/www.greenpeg.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"115340N","article-title":"Characterization of lithium (Li) minerals from the Fregeneda\u2013Almendra region through laboratory spectral measurements: A comparative study","volume":"Volume 11534","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Resources and Environmental Remote Sensing\/GIS Applications XI"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"115340M","article-title":"Reflectance spectroscopy to validate remote sensing data\/algorithms for satellite-based lithium (Li) exploration (Central East Portugal)","volume":"Volume 11534","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Resources and Environmental Remote Sensing\/GIS Applications XI"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2020, November 05). Full Range Photodiode Array UV-VIS-NIR-SWIR. Available online: https:\/\/spectralevolution.com\/products\/hardware\/compact-lab-spectroradiometers\/."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2020, November 05). ASD FieldSpec 4 Standard-Res Spectroradiometer. Available online: https:\/\/www.malvernpanalytical.com\/en\/products\/product-range\/asd-range\/fieldspec-range\/fieldspec-4-standard-res-spectroradiometer#specs."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2020, November 04). ASD Inc. ViewSpec Pro\u2122 User Manual. ASD Document 600555 Rev. A. Boulder, 2008. Available online: http:\/\/geoinfo.amu.edu.pl\/geoinf\/m\/spektr\/viewspecpro.pdf."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Menges, F. (2020, July 22). Spectragryph Optical Spectroscopy Software, Version 1.2.14. Available online: http:\/\/www.effemm2.de\/spectragryph\/."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Therien, C. (2020, July 22). Welcome to the PySptools Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/pysptools.sourceforge.io\/."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3179","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160050145063","article-title":"Spectral curve shape matching with a continuum removed CCSM algorithm","volume":"21","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"287","article-title":"Hyperspectral remote sensing applied to mineral exploration in southern Peru: A multiple data integration approach in the Chapi Chiara gold prospect","volume":"64","author":"Carrino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2020, November 06). Continuum Removal. Available online: https:\/\/www.l3harrisgeospatial.com\/docs\/ContinuumRemoval.html."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kokaly, R.F. (2020, November 06). PRISM: Processing Routines in IDL for Spectroscopic Measurements (Installation Manual and User\u2019s Guide, Version 1.0); 2011-1155; Reston, VA, 2011, Available online: https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/of\/2011\/1155\/pdf\/ofr2011-1155-17oct2011.pdf.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20111155"}],"container-title":["Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/6\/3\/33\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:36:28Z","timestamp":1760160988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/6\/3\/33"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["data6030033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/data6030033","relation":{"has-part":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/essd-15-3111-2023","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2306-5729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]}}}