{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T20:23:15Z","timestamp":1775766195846,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["SFRH\/BD\/08659\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/08659\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["SFRH\/BD\/151362\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/151362\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/08659\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/08659\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/151362\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/151362\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (MCTES)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/08659\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/08659\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (MCTES)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/151362\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/151362\/2021"]}]},{"name":"State Budget (OE)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/08659\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/08659\/2021"]}]},{"name":"State Budget (OE)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/151362\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/151362\/2021"]}]},{"name":"European Social Fund (ESF)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/08659\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/08659\/2021"]}]},{"name":"European Social Fund (ESF)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/151362\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/151362\/2021"]}]},{"name":"PorNorte under the MIT Portugal Program","award":["SFRH\/BD\/08659\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/08659\/2021"]}]},{"name":"PorNorte under the MIT Portugal Program","award":["SFRH\/BD\/151362\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/151362\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Designs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Numerical modeling tools are essential in aircraft structural design, yet they face challenges in accurately reflecting real-world behavior due to factors like material properties scatter and manufacturing-induced deviations. This article addresses the potential impact of digital twins on overcoming these limitations and enhancing model reliability through advanced updating techniques based on machine learning. Digital twins, which are virtual replicas of physical systems, offer a promising solution by integrating sensor data, operational inputs, and historical records. Machine learning techniques enable the calibration and validation of models, combining experimental inputs with simulations through continuous updating processes that refine digital twins, improving their accuracy in predicting structural behavior and performance throughout an aircraft\u2019s life cycle. These refined models enable real-time monitoring and precise damage assessment, supporting decision making in diverse contexts. By integrating sensor data and updating techniques, digital twins contribute to improved design and maintenance operations by providing valuable insights into structural health, safety, and reliability. Ultimately, this approach leads to more efficient and safer aviation operations, demonstrating the potential of digital twins to revolutionize aircraft structural analysis and design. This article explores various advancements and methodologies applicable to structural assessment, leveraging machine learning tools. These include the utilization of physics-informed neural networks, which enable the handling of diverse uncertainties. Such approaches empower a more informed and adaptive strategy, contributing to the assurance of structural integrity and safety in aircraft structures throughout their operational life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/designs8020029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T05:10:53Z","timestamp":1711084253000},"page":"29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Aircraft Structural Design and Life-Cycle Assessment through Digital Twins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0054-0771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio M. O.","family":"Tavares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TEMA\u2014Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"LASI\u2014Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7557-7002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o A.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAETA, INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5496-8178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno A.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 5, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3202-1343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo M. S. T.","family":"de Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Grandt, A.F. (2003). Fundamentals of Structural Integrity: Damage Tolerant Design and Nondestructive Evaluation, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Yue, Z., Geng, X., Wen, S., and Yan, W. (2018). Long-Life Design and Test Technology of Typical Aircraft Structures, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-8399-0"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1111\/ffe.12631","article-title":"An overview of fatigue in aircraft structures","volume":"40","author":"Tavares","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. 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