{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T14:10:51Z","timestamp":1769091051428,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Classification of asthma phenotypes has a potentially relevant impact on the clinical management of the disease. Methods for statistical classification without a priori assumptions (data-driven approaches) may contribute to developing a better comprehension of trait heterogeneity in disease phenotyping. This study aimed to summarize and characterize asthma phenotypes derived by data-driven methods. We performed a systematic review using three scientific databases, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. We included studies reporting adult asthma phenotypes derived by data-driven methods using easily accessible variables in clinical practice. Two independent reviewers assessed studies. The methodological quality of included primary studies was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool. We retrieved 7446 results and included 68 studies of which 65% (n = 44) used data from specialized centers and 53% (n = 36) evaluated the consistency of phenotypes. The most frequent data-driven method was hierarchical cluster analysis (n = 19). Three major asthma-related domains of easily measurable clinical variables used for phenotyping were identified: personal (n = 49), functional (n = 48) and clinical (n = 47). The identified asthma phenotypes varied according to the sample\u2019s characteristics, variables included in the model, and data availability. Overall, the most frequent phenotypes were related to atopy, gender, and severe disease. This review shows a large variability of asthma phenotypes derived from data-driven methods. Further research should include more population-based samples and assess longitudinal consistency of data-driven phenotypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11040644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T10:34:09Z","timestamp":1617359649000},"page":"644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A Systematic Review of Asthma Phenotypes Derived by Data-Driven Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Francisco","family":"Cunha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0233-830X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Porto Health School, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Paediatric Research, Uppsala University, 751-05 Uppsala, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Jacinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Porto Health School, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1277-3401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardo","family":"Sousa-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Basic and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0887-8796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o A.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Allergy Unit, CUF Porto Hospital and Institute, 4100-180 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2004.00526.x","article-title":"Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) Program The global burden of asthma: Executive summary of the GINA Dissemination Committee Report","volume":"59","author":"Masoli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900598","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00598-2019","article-title":"The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA): 25 years later","volume":"54","author":"Boulet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. 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