{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T03:02:19Z","timestamp":1760151739798,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Bladder pain syndrome\/interstitial cystitis (BPS\/IC) is a chronic pain condition, often underdiagnosed, with an important impact on patient quality of life. More recently, an association between VEGF and its receptors has been suggested in BPS\/IC pathophysiology, due to their role in promoting angiogenesis and inflammation, which can enhance bladder pain. Eventually, VEGF may be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis and prognostication of BPS\/IC. To further clarify this issue, this review aims to critically summarize the available information, giving rise to a solid starting point for future studies. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed and Embase, using the queries \u201curinary VEGF\u201d, \u201curinary VEGF\u201d AND \u201cpain\u201d, \u201curinary VEGF\u201d AND \u201clower urinary tract symptoms\u201d and \u201curinary VEGF\u201d AND \u201cLUTS\u201d from January 2016 to February 2022. Results: A total of 1026 papers were identified from which 7 articles were included in this study, which assessed 1036 participants. Regarding VEGF levels, overactive bladder (OAB) and healthy patients were used for comparison with BPS\/IC patients. VEGF concentration seems to be higher when compared to healthy patients and overactive bladder (OAB) patients. Higher levels of VEGF were associated with pain severity, while a decrease in VEGF concentration was associated with pain and symptom improvement in women. However, these findings were not constant in all studies. Conclusions: There is a trend toward a relevant association between increased VEGF levels and pain or symptom severity in BPS\/IC patients. Although there are some discrepancies among the studies and the number of patients included is small, VEGF and its receptors should be considered for future studies regarding its use in BPS\/IC pathophysiology, diagnosis and prognostication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12051037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T01:55:51Z","timestamp":1650506151000},"page":"1037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Role of Urinary VEGF in Observational Studies of BPS\/IC Patients: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4304-7023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Abreu-Mendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Universitary Hospital Center, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Translational Neurourology Department of I3S, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Aurora","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7717-7790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Charrua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neurourology Department of I3S, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3745-794X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Almeida","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Universitary Hospital Center, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Translational Neurourology Department of I3S, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4551-514X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Universitary Hospital Center, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Translational Neurourology Department of I3S, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.03.132","article-title":"Prevalence of Symptoms of Bladder Pain Syndrome\/Interstitial Cystitis Among Adult Females in the United States","volume":"186","author":"Berry","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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