{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T14:28:31Z","timestamp":1770906511801,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES\/CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#458143\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#458143\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES\/CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#APQ-02872-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#APQ-02872-16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES\/CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CBB\u2014APQ-03613-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBB\u2014APQ-03613-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES\/CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PPM-00503-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPM-00503-18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES\/CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N.: 465669\/2014-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N.: 465669\/2014-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES\/CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N.: 403193\/2022-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N.: 403193\/2022-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES\/CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#422205\/2021-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#422205\/2021-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES\/CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#306050\/2021-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#306050\/2021-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES\/CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["312812\/2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312812\/2021-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"FAPEMIG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#458143\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#458143\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"FAPEMIG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#APQ-02872-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#APQ-02872-16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"FAPEMIG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CBB\u2014APQ-03613-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBB\u2014APQ-03613-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"FAPEMIG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PPM-00503-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPM-00503-18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"FAPEMIG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N.: 465669\/2014-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N.: 465669\/2014-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"FAPEMIG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N.: 403193\/2022-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N.: 403193\/2022-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"FAPEMIG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#422205\/2021-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#422205\/2021-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"FAPEMIG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#306050\/2021-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#306050\/2021-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"FAPEMIG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["312812\/2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312812\/2021-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Federal University of Uberlandia and National Institute of Science and Technology in Theranostics and Nanobiotechnology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#458143\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#458143\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Federal University of Uberlandia and National Institute of Science and Technology in Theranostics and Nanobiotechnology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#APQ-02872-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#APQ-02872-16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Federal University of Uberlandia and National Institute of Science and Technology in Theranostics and Nanobiotechnology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CBB\u2014APQ-03613-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBB\u2014APQ-03613-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Federal University of Uberlandia and National Institute of Science and Technology in Theranostics and Nanobiotechnology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PPM-00503-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPM-00503-18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Federal University of Uberlandia and National Institute of Science and Technology in Theranostics and Nanobiotechnology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N.: 465669\/2014-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N.: 465669\/2014-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Federal University of Uberlandia and National Institute of Science and Technology in Theranostics and Nanobiotechnology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N.: 403193\/2022-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N.: 403193\/2022-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Federal University of Uberlandia and National Institute of Science and Technology in Theranostics and Nanobiotechnology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#422205\/2021-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#422205\/2021-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Federal University of Uberlandia and National Institute of Science and Technology in Theranostics and Nanobiotechnology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#306050\/2021-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#306050\/2021-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Federal University of Uberlandia and National Institute of Science and Technology in Theranostics and Nanobiotechnology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["312812\/2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312812\/2021-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["#458143\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#458143\/2014"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["#APQ-02872-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#APQ-02872-16"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["CBB\u2014APQ-03613-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBB\u2014APQ-03613-17"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["PPM-00503-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPM-00503-18"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["N.: 465669\/2014-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N.: 465669\/2014-0"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["N.: 403193\/2022-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N.: 403193\/2022-2"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["#422205\/2021-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#422205\/2021-4"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["#306050\/2021-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#306050\/2021-8"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["312812\/2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312812\/2021-3"]}]},{"name":"FAU-ImunoScan-UFU","award":["#458143\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#458143\/2014"]}]},{"name":"FAU-ImunoScan-UFU","award":["#APQ-02872-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#APQ-02872-16"]}]},{"name":"FAU-ImunoScan-UFU","award":["CBB\u2014APQ-03613-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBB\u2014APQ-03613-17"]}]},{"name":"FAU-ImunoScan-UFU","award":["PPM-00503-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPM-00503-18"]}]},{"name":"FAU-ImunoScan-UFU","award":["N.: 465669\/2014-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N.: 465669\/2014-0"]}]},{"name":"FAU-ImunoScan-UFU","award":["N.: 403193\/2022-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N.: 403193\/2022-2"]}]},{"name":"FAU-ImunoScan-UFU","award":["#422205\/2021-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#422205\/2021-4"]}]},{"name":"FAU-ImunoScan-UFU","award":["#306050\/2021-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#306050\/2021-8"]}]},{"name":"FAU-ImunoScan-UFU","award":["312812\/2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312812\/2021-3"]}]},{"name":"Technological Development and Innovative Extension (DT2-CNPq)","award":["#458143\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#458143\/2014"]}]},{"name":"Technological Development and Innovative Extension (DT2-CNPq)","award":["#APQ-02872-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#APQ-02872-16"]}]},{"name":"Technological Development and Innovative Extension (DT2-CNPq)","award":["CBB\u2014APQ-03613-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBB\u2014APQ-03613-17"]}]},{"name":"Technological Development and Innovative Extension (DT2-CNPq)","award":["PPM-00503-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPM-00503-18"]}]},{"name":"Technological Development and Innovative Extension (DT2-CNPq)","award":["N.: 465669\/2014-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N.: 465669\/2014-0"]}]},{"name":"Technological Development and Innovative Extension (DT2-CNPq)","award":["N.: 403193\/2022-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N.: 403193\/2022-2"]}]},{"name":"Technological Development and Innovative Extension (DT2-CNPq)","award":["#422205\/2021-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#422205\/2021-4"]}]},{"name":"Technological Development and Innovative Extension (DT2-CNPq)","award":["#306050\/2021-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#306050\/2021-8"]}]},{"name":"Technological Development and Innovative Extension (DT2-CNPq)","award":["312812\/2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312812\/2021-3"]}]},{"name":"PQ\u2014Research productivity","award":["#458143\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#458143\/2014"]}]},{"name":"PQ\u2014Research productivity","award":["#APQ-02872-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#APQ-02872-16"]}]},{"name":"PQ\u2014Research productivity","award":["CBB\u2014APQ-03613-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBB\u2014APQ-03613-17"]}]},{"name":"PQ\u2014Research productivity","award":["PPM-00503-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPM-00503-18"]}]},{"name":"PQ\u2014Research productivity","award":["N.: 465669\/2014-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N.: 465669\/2014-0"]}]},{"name":"PQ\u2014Research productivity","award":["N.: 403193\/2022-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N.: 403193\/2022-2"]}]},{"name":"PQ\u2014Research productivity","award":["#422205\/2021-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#422205\/2021-4"]}]},{"name":"PQ\u2014Research productivity","award":["#306050\/2021-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#306050\/2021-8"]}]},{"name":"PQ\u2014Research productivity","award":["312812\/2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312812\/2021-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The blood diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM) is highly accurate; however, it is an invasive, high-cost, and painful procedure. In this context, the combination of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and machine learning techniques in other biological samples has been used as an alternative tool to develop a non-invasive, fast, inexpensive, and label-free diagnostic or screening platform for several diseases, including DM. In this study, we used the ATR-FTIR tool associated with linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and a support vector machine (SVM) classifier in order to identify changes in salivary components to be used as alternative biomarkers for the diagnosis of type 2 DM. The band area values of 2962 cm\u22121, 1641 cm\u22121, and 1073 cm\u22121 were higher in type 2 diabetic patients than in non-diabetic subjects. The best classification of salivary infrared spectra was by SVM, showing a sensitivity of 93.3% (42\/45), specificity of 74% (17\/23), and accuracy of 87% between non-diabetic subjects and uncontrolled type 2 DM patients. The SHAP features of infrared spectra indicate the main salivary vibrational modes of lipids and proteins that are responsible for discriminating DM patients. In summary, these data highlight the potential of ATR-FTIR platforms coupled with machine learning as a reagent-free, non-invasive, and highly sensitive tool for screening and monitoring diabetic patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13081396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T01:35:08Z","timestamp":1681263308000},"page":"1396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Salivary ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy Coupled with Support Vector Machine Classification for Screening of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2363-6584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas Carvalho","family":"Caixeta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostic and Nanotheranostics, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38408-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2915-8990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murillo Guimar\u00e3es","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computing, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38408-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostic and Nanotheranostics, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38408-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Deborah Cristina Teixeira","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostic and Nanotheranostics, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38408-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1803-4861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Ricardo","family":"Goulart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38408-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Th\u00falio Marquez","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia 38408-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6937-1411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Foued Salmen","family":"Espindola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38408-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3636-5805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Vitorino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2104-5780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robinson","family":"Sabino-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostic and Nanotheranostics, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38408-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2006.01.003","article-title":"Diabetes and mitochondrial function: Role of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress","volume":"212","author":"Rolo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62219-9","article-title":"The many faces of diabetes: A disease with increasing heterogeneity","volume":"383","author":"Tuomi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00045.2011","article-title":"Mechanisms of diabetic complications","volume":"93","author":"Forbes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.JPBS_7_20","article-title":"A systematic review on clinical implication of continuous glucose monitoring in diabetes management","volume":"12","author":"Azhar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation (2019). IDF Diabetes Atlas, International Diabetes Federation. [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ADA (2020). Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142020. Diabetes Care, 43, S14\u2013S31.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-S002"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-9998","article-title":"Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus","volume":"34","author":"Sacks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5742(02)00090-X","article-title":"Biological sample collection and processing for molecular epidemiological studies","volume":"543","author":"Holland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4501","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12527-5","article-title":"Development of high-throughput ATR-FTIR technology for rapid triage of brain cancer","volume":"10","author":"Butler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-827-6_8","article-title":"Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for molecular analysis of microbial cells","volume":"881","author":"Ojeda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4343590","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4343590","article-title":"Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) Spectroscopy Analysis of Saliva for Breast Cancer Diagnosis","volume":"2020","author":"Ferreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Infrared spectroscopy and microscopy in cancer research and diagnosis","volume":"2","author":"Bellisola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4157(99)00004-0","article-title":"Attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy of proteins and lipids in biological membranes","volume":"1422","author":"Goormaghtigh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/0003702818791939","article-title":"Application of Vibrational Spectroscopy and Imaging to Point-of-Care Medicine: A Review","volume":"72","author":"Pahlow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-2-48","article-title":"Diabetes-related molecular signatures in infrared spectra of human saliva","volume":"2","author":"Scott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caixeta, D.C., Aguiar, E.M.G., Cardoso-Sousa, L., Coelho, L.M.D., and Oliveira, S.W. (2020). Salivary molecular spectroscopy: A sustainable, rapid and non-invasive monitoring tool for diabetes mellitus during insulin treatment. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223461"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). Classification of Diabetes Mellitus, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes (2020). Diretrizes Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes 2019\u20132020, Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.25146","article-title":"Compliance with Saliva Collection Protocol in Healthy Volunteers: Strategies for Managing Risk and Errors","volume":"15","author":"Bhattarai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11769","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68781-x","article-title":"Spectrochemical analysis in blood plasma combined with subsequent chemometrics for fibromyalgia detection","volume":"10","author":"Passos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemolab.2022.104572","article-title":"Explainable predictive modeling for limited spectral data","volume":"225","author":"Akulich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1080\/05704920701829043","article-title":"Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy of Biological Tissues","volume":"43","author":"Movasaghi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-017-0875-2","article-title":"The Case for Diabetes Population Health Improvement: Evidence-Based Programming for Population Outcomes in Diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Golden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E50","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd15.170407","article-title":"Outcomes and Economic Benefits of Penn State Extension\u2019s Dining With Diabetes Program","volume":"15","author":"Griffie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elsohaby, I., Burns, J.B., Riley, C.B., Shaw, R.A., and McClure, J.T. (2017). Application of laboratory and portable attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopic approaches for rapid quantification of alpaca serum immunoglobulin G. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179644"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruen, D., Delaney, C., Florea, L., and Diamond, D. (2017). Glucose Sensing for Diabetes Monitoring: Recent Developments. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081866"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2020.112961","article-title":"Saliva as a first-line diagnostic tool: A spectral challenge for identification of cancer biomarkers","volume":"307","author":"Paluszkiewicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4103\/jrms.JRMS_135_18","article-title":"Effect of diabetes mellitus type 2 on salivary glucose, immunoglobulin A, total protein, and amylase levels in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies","volume":"23","author":"Naseri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-5-64","article-title":"Increased SGLT1 expression in salivary gland ductal cells correlates with hyposalivation in diabetic and hypertensive rats","volume":"5","author":"Okamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.103036","article-title":"FTIR spectroscopy as a point of care diagnostic tool for diabetes and periodontitis: A saliva analysis approach","volume":"40","author":"Nogueira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2002.10420.x","article-title":"Screening for diabetes in an outpatient clinic population","volume":"17","author":"Edelman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1038\/450810a","article-title":"Sustainable technology: Green chemistry","volume":"450","author":"Poliakoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3917","DOI":"10.1039\/c3an36654e","article-title":"Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with a classification machine for the analysis of blood plasma or serum: A novel diagnostic approach for ovarian cancer","volume":"138","author":"Gajjar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Feingold, K.R., Anawalt, B., Boyce, A., Chrousos, G., de Herder, W.W., Dhatariya, K., Dungan, K., Hershman, J.M., Hofland, J., and Kalra, S. (2000). Endotext [Internet], MDText."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2018.09.025","article-title":"New insights into oxidative stress and inflammation during diabetes mellitus-accelerated atherosclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2014.18.1.1","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products and diabetic complications","volume":"18","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.15420\/ecr.2018.33.1","article-title":"The Role of Inflammation in Diabetes: Current Concepts and Future Perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Tsalamandris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121650","article-title":"A machine-learning strategy to evaluate the use of FTIR spectra of saliva for a good control of type 2 diabetes","volume":"221","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12117","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b02280","article-title":"Is Infrared Spectroscopy Ready for the Clinic?","volume":"91","author":"Finlayson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e300","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30121-X","article-title":"Assessing a novel, lab-free, point-of-care test for SARS-CoV-2 (CovidNudge): A diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"1","author":"Gibani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.020","article-title":"Biofluid diagnostics by FTIR spectroscopy: A platform technology for cancer detection","volume":"477","author":"Sala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1177\/00037028211021846","article-title":"Clinical Spectroscopy: Lost in Translation?","volume":"76","author":"Cameron","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nair, K., Veettil, T.C.P., Wood, B.R., Paul, D., and Alan, T. (2022). Haemoprocessor: A Portable Platform Using Rapid Acoustically Driven Plasma Separation Validated by Infrared Spectroscopy for Point-of-Care Diagnostics. Biosensors, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12020119"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fadlelmoula, A., Pinho, D., Carvalho, V.H., Catarino, S.O., and Minas, G. (2022). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy to Analyse Human Blood over the Last 20 Years: A Review towards Lab-on-a-Chip Devices. Micromachines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13020187"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1039\/c001889a","article-title":"Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for on-chip monitoring of solute concentrations","volume":"10","author":"Greener","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lab Chip"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/8\/1396\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:14:16Z","timestamp":1760123656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/8\/1396"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics13081396"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13081396","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]}}}