{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T22:20:21Z","timestamp":1769552421827,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastroenterology is increasingly moving towards minimally invasive diagnostic modalities. The diagnostic exploration of the colon via capsule endoscopy, both in specific protocols for colon capsule endoscopy and during panendoscopic evaluations, is increasingly regarded as an appropriate first-line diagnostic approach. Adequate colonic preparation is essential for conclusive examinations as, contrary to a conventional colonoscopy, the capsule moves passively in the colon and does not have the capacity to clean debris. Several scales have been developed for the classification of bowel preparation for colon capsule endoscopy. Nevertheless, their applications are limited by suboptimal interobserver agreement. Our group developed a deep learning algorithm for the automatic classification of colonic bowel preparation, according to an easily applicable classification. Our neural network achieved high performance levels, with a sensitivity of 91%, a specificity of 97% and an overall accuracy of 95%. The algorithm achieved a good discriminating capacity, with areas under the curve ranging between 0.92 and 0.97. The development of these algorithms is essential for the widespread adoption of capsule endoscopy for the exploration of the colon, as well as for the adoption of minimally invasive panendoscopy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13233494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T10:24:13Z","timestamp":1700562253000},"page":"3494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["AI-Driven Colon Cleansing Evaluation in Capsule Endoscopy: A Deep Learning Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0340-0830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel Jos\u00e9","family":"Mascarenhas Saraiva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology, WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Centre, 4050-345 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology, WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Centre, 4050-345 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology, WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Centre, 4050-345 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9427-5635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology, WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Centre, 4050-345 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5890-7049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology, WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Centre, 4050-345 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology, WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Centre, 4050-345 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Patr\u00edcia","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology, WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Centre, 4050-345 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9lder","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology, WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Centre, 4050-345 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Mascarenhas Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endoscopy and Digestive Motility Laboratory, ManopH, 4000-432 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4310-2915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"DigestAID\u2014Digestive Artificial Intelligence Development, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9387-9872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology, WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Centre, 4050-345 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2016.05.013","article-title":"Factors predicting adverse 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