{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T15:01:49Z","timestamp":1788447709900,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007632","name":"Changhua Christian Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CCH-92357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCH-92357"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007632","name":"Changhua Christian Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 113-2221-E-005-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2221-E-005-011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007632","name":"Changhua Christian Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 112-2221-E-005-042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2221-E-005-042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007632","name":"Changhua Christian Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 111-2221-E-005-018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 111-2221-E-005-018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center from The Featured Areas Research Center Program with the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan","award":["CCH-92357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCH-92357"]}]},{"name":"Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center from The Featured Areas Research Center Program with the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan","award":["NSTC 113-2221-E-005-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2221-E-005-011"]}]},{"name":"Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center from The Featured Areas Research Center Program with the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan","award":["NSTC 112-2221-E-005-042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2221-E-005-042"]}]},{"name":"Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center from The Featured Areas Research Center Program with the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan","award":["NSTC 111-2221-E-005-018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 111-2221-E-005-018"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["CCH-92357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCH-92357"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["NSTC 113-2221-E-005-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2221-E-005-011"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["NSTC 112-2221-E-005-042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2221-E-005-042"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["NSTC 111-2221-E-005-018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 111-2221-E-005-018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) are at a high risk of developing sarcopenia. This study aimed to validate the performance of ultrasound (US) measurements of the vastus lateralis (VL) for estimating muscle mass and diagnosing sarcopenia in CKD patients with HD. Methods: Forty-six patients were enrolled in this study. Muscle thickness (MT) and echo intensity (EI) of VL, physical performance, and biochemical markers were collected to establish a linear regression model for predicting appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM), using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the reference standard. The model\u2019s performance was validated, and its diagnostic accuracy for sarcopenia was also evaluated. Results: An ASM prediction model was derived: \u221220.17 + 1.90 \u00d7 MT_VL (cm) + 1.58 \u00d7 male + 0.16 \u00d7 Height (cm) + 0.09 \u00d7 Weight (kg) + 0.05 \u00d7 Age (year), with a standard estimated error of 1.44 kg and adjusted R-squared of 0.84. The model exhibited high correlation and an acceptable limit of agreement, compared to DXA measurement. EI displayed a negative correlation with ASM and MT. Conclusions: The ASM adjusted with BMI demonstrated superior performance in diagnosing sarcopenia compared to the ASM adjusted with height. Ultrasound provides a cost-effective bedside tool for evaluating muscle conditions in HD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14222600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T03:57:04Z","timestamp":1732075024000},"page":"2600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Validation of Ultrasound Measurement of Vastus Lateralis for Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with Hemodialysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Peng-Ta","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Fall Prevention Center, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0599-0256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ta-Sen","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fall Prevention Center, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9796-9827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Congo Tak-Shing","family":"Ching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou 545, Taiwan"},{"name":"International Doctoral Program in Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Advanced Plant and Food Crop Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Doctor Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-021-00898-1","article-title":"Sarcopenia in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Scoping Review of Prevalence, Risk Factors, Association with Outcomes, and Treatment","volume":"110","author":"Chatzipetrou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-022-00751-w","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Complications in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"20","author":"Troutman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.01.024","article-title":"Sarcopenia and Its Individual Criteria Are Associated, in Part, with Mortality among Patients on Hemodialysis","volume":"92","author":"Kittiskulnam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.10.016","article-title":"The Diagnosis of Sarcopenia Is Mainly Driven by Muscle Mass in Hemodialysis Patients","volume":"36","author":"Bataille","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfw466","article-title":"Sarcopenia and Relationships between Muscle Mass, Measured Glomerular Filtration Rate and Physical Function in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3\u20135","volume":"33","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15421","article-title":"Utility of Ultrasound as a Valid and Accurate Diagnostic Tool for Sarcopenia: Sex-Specific Cutoff Values in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"40","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13425","article-title":"Prevalence of Sarcopenia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Duarte","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.05.022","article-title":"A Multi-Imaging Modality Study of Bone Density, Bone Structure and the Muscle-Bone Unit in End-Stage Renal Disease","volume":"127","author":"Leonard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.02.025","article-title":"Screening for Muscle Wasting and Dysfunction in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"90","author":"Carrero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00041.2022","article-title":"Human Skeletal Muscle Size with Ultrasound Imaging: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"132","author":"Naruse","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.08.012","article-title":"The Validity of Ultrasound-Derived Equation Models to Predict Whole-Body Muscle Mass: A Systematic Review","volume":"46","author":"Buzzatti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15913","article-title":"Ultrasound Measurement of Rectus Femoris Muscle Parameters for Discriminating Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Adults","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e392","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2018\/e392","article-title":"Rectus Femoris Muscle Mass Evaluation by Ultrasound: Facilitating Sarcopenia Diagnosis in Pre-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Stages","volume":"73","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.07.025","article-title":"The Clinical Applicability of Ultrasound Technique for Diagnosis of Sarcopenia in Hemodialysis Patients","volume":"40","author":"Matsuzawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afos.2022.06.001","article-title":"Ultrasound for Thigh Muscle Thickness Is a Valuable Tool in the Diagnosis of Sarcopenia in Indian Patients with Predialysis Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"8","author":"Rao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Sarcopenia"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.13678","article-title":"Identification of the Most Clinically Useful Skeletal Muscle Mass Indices Pertinent to Sarcopenia and Physical Performance in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"25","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battaglia, Y., Ullo, I., Massarenti, S., Esposito, P., Prencipe, M., Ciancio, G., Provenzano, M., Fiorini, F., Andreucci, M., and Storari, A. (2020). Ultrasonography of Quadriceps Femoris Muscle and Subcutaneous Fat Tissue and Body Composition by BIVA in Chronic Dialysis Patients. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051388"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Luo, H., Ren, S., Shen, L., Cheng, D., and Wang, N. (2022). Enhanced Echo Intensity of Skeletal Muscle Is Associated with Poor Physical Function in Hemodialysis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Nephrol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-022-02816-5"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-018-0958-1","article-title":"Assessing Sarcopenia with Vastus Lateralis Muscle Ultrasound: An Operative Protocol","volume":"30","author":"Ticinesi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x","article-title":"The Timed \u201cUp & Go\u201d: A Test of Basic Functional Mobility for Frail Elderly Persons","volume":"39","author":"Podsiadlo","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.12.012","article-title":"Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Revised European Consensus on Definition and Diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Bahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu010","article-title":"The FNIH Sarcopenia Project: Rationale, Study Description, Conference Recommendations, and Final Estimates","volume":"69","author":"Studenski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.09.032","article-title":"Correlation, Agreement, and Bland\u2013Altman Analysis: Statistical Analysis of Method Comparison Studies","volume":"148","author":"Bunce","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2307\/2532051","article-title":"A Concordance Correlation Coefficient to Evaluate Reproducibility","volume":"45","author":"Lin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2014.04.002","article-title":"Can Ultrasound Measurements of Muscle Thickness Be Used to Measure the Size of Individual Quadriceps Muscles in People with Patellofemoral Pain?","volume":"16","author":"Giles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/08968608211002384","article-title":"Validity and Reliability of High-Resolution Ultrasound Imaging for the Assessment of Regional Body Composition in Stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis","volume":"42","author":"Geneen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.2011.01056.x","article-title":"Reliability of Ultrasonographic Measurement of the Architecture of the Vastus Lateralis and Gastrocnemius Medialis Muscles in Older Adults","volume":"32","author":"Raj","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-015-9853-2","article-title":"Prediction and Validation of DXA-Derived Appendicular Lean Soft Tissue Mass by Ultrasound in Older Adults","volume":"37","author":"Abe","year":"2015","journal-title":"AGE"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12213","article-title":"Development of a Bedside Viable Ultrasound Protocol to Quantify Appendicular Lean Tissue Mass","volume":"8","author":"Paris","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111056","article-title":"2 + 2 (+2) = 4: A New Approach for Appendicular Muscle Mass Assessment by Ultrasound","volume":"83","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.2.465","article-title":"Estimation of Skeletal Muscle Mass by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis","volume":"89","author":"Janssen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2854","article-title":"Reliability and Validity of a Standardised Ultrasound Examination Protocol to Quantify Vastus Lateralis Muscle","volume":"53","author":"Betz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, M.-D., Zhang, H.-Z., Zhang, Y., Yang, S.-P., Lin, M., Zhang, Y.-M., Wu, J.-B., Hong, F.-Y., and Chen, W.-X. (2021). Relationship between Chronic Kidney Disease and Sarcopenia. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99592-3"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10813","article-title":"Sarcopenia Diagnosis in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis: Agreement among Different Consensuses","volume":"37","author":"Rosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2009.01261.x","article-title":"Investigation of Skeletal Muscle Quantity and Quality in End-Stage Renal Disease","volume":"15","author":"Cheema","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismail, C., Zabal, J., Hernandez, H.J., Woletz, P., Manning, H., Teixeira, C., DiPietro, L., Blackman, M.R., and Harris-Love, M.O. (2015). Diagnostic Ultrasound Estimates of Muscle Mass and Muscle Quality Discriminate between Women with and without Sarcopenia. Front. Physiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00302"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-022-01553-0","article-title":"Muscle Fat Infiltration in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Marker Related to Muscle Quality, Muscle Strength and Sarcopenia","volume":"36","author":"Avesani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy139","article-title":"Quality over Quantity? Association of Skeletal Muscle Myosteatosis and Myofibrosis on Physical Function in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"34","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Q., Zhang, C., Zhang, Z., and Su, B. (2024). Muscle Ultrasound to Diagnose Sarcopenia in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Bivariate Meta-Analysis. BMC Nephrol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-023-03445-2"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-021-02931-6","article-title":"Seven Months of Aerobic Intradialytic Exercise Training Can Prevent Muscle Loss in Haemodialysis Patients: An Ultrasonography Study","volume":"54","author":"Krase","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu013","article-title":"An Evidence-Based Comparison of Operational Criteria for the Presence of Sarcopenia","volume":"69","author":"Dam","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12555","article-title":"Differences in the Prevalence of Sarcopenia in Haemodialysis Patients: The Effects of Gender and Ethnicity","volume":"31","author":"Yoowannakul","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2008.04.001","article-title":"Association between Body Mass Index and Body Fat in Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3 to 5, Hemodialysis, and Peritoneal Dialysis Patients","volume":"18","author":"Leinig","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/22\/2600\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:35:35Z","timestamp":1760114135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/22\/2600"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14222600"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14222600","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]}}}